WEBVTT

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Hello, welcome to the

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Hammer Museum.

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I'm Claudia Bestor.

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I'm the director of public programs

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and I'm pleased to welcome you to

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today's Hammer Forum on the fiftieth

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anniversary of the 1965

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Watts rebellion with historians

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Gerald Horne, Brenda Stevenson

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and writer Johnnie Scott.

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Our moderator is Ian Masters.

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Before we get started, I want to

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remind you to please silence your

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cell phones. And please note that

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taking photographs or recording

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is not permitted in the theater.

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And I also want to quickly mention

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some hammer exhibitions and upcoming

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programs that you might be

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interested in.

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The Hammer recently opened an

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exhibition of work by Los Angeles

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based artist Mark Bradford

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called Scorched Earth.

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The exhibition includes a suite of

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new paintings, a multimedia

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installation and a major painting

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on the wall of the Hammer's lobby.

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Together, these new pieces refer to

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formative moments in Mark Bradford's

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life, as well as ruminations

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on the body in crisis.

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This body of work examines the

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moment and afterlife of the 1992

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uprisings in Los Angeles following

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the beating of Rodney King,

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which Mark Bradford experienced from

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his studio in Leimert Park.

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And he uses the work to translate

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the resulting outrage and violence

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and the lasting wounds into these

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new paintings.

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So we have a number of related

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public programs in relation to that

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exhibition on August

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12th. And that's this Wednesday

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night. We will screen Anna Deavere

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Smith's film, Twilight, Los Angeles,

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1992, about the circumstances

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around the Rodney King beatings and

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the subsequent rioting here in L.A..

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And today's guest speaker, Dr.

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Brenda Stevenson, will be at the

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screening and she'll discuss the

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film and the 1992 uprising

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afterwards.

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We're also doing a program called

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Behind The Groove From Soul Power

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In The Black Arts Movement To Post

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Hip-Hop Aesthetics.

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For that program, the critic Ernest

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Hardy and the writer Tisa Bryant

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will look at the evolution of Black

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representation in popular culture

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using film and TV clips and music

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samples.

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And that's on Tuesday, August 18th

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at seven 30 p.m.

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With many other farseeing related

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programs as well. So please be sure

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to check out the Hammer Calendar

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and also the Hammers collaborating

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with the UCLA Institute of

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Sustainability and the Environment

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to produce a yearlong series looking

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at water issues around the world.

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And our next talk in that series

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will be on August 25th, focusing

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on ocean acidification.

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Then in September, we'll talk to two

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leading experts about the California

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drought and the future of water for

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our state.

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The next Hammer Fourm will be on

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September 9th.

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And Senator Bob Graham will be here

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with former CIA official

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Robert Baer.

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On the anniversary of 9/11 to talk

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about the drunk congressional

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inquiry into the 9/11 terrorist

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attacks in

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October, we'll discuss Sharia law

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and then November.

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Former Congressman Barney Frank will

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give us a preview of the upcoming

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presidential elections.

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Then on December 10th, we'll do

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another Watts related forum about

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a program in what's called Project

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Fatherhood with elder Big

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Mike Cummings, Jorja Leap

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and Professor Belinda Tucker.

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As always, all of our public

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programs are free and open to the

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public.

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If you'd like to sign up to get

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a reminder e-mails about upcoming

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events, there's a pad where you can

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sign up in front of the box office.

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You can also always check out our

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Web site Hammer Fourms

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are uploaded as video podcasts are

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available on the Hammars Web site as

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well as on Livestream.

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So now onto today's program.

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The Hammer Fourm is a monthly series

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of public discussions about current

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social and political issues that's

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made possible with the generous

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support of Andy and Bronya Galef.

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In today's forum, we'll discuss the

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1965 Watts rebellion

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and the past and present

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racial tension in Los Angeles and

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throughout the United States from

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the 1960s to the present.

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You should have all received some

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note cards and pencils on your way

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in. These are for you to write down

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your questions for the Q&A

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period. When we get closer to Q&A,

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we'll send around ushers to collect

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your cards and bring them up to the

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stage.

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If you didn't get a note card, you

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need some extra as you can just

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raise your hands and we'll send an

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usher to bring you more.

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Please be sure to write your

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questions very clearly so that our

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moderator can read them aloud to the

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guest speakers.

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So now I'd like to introduce our

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moderator Ian Masters who will

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introduce our panelists even

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as a BBC trained broadcast

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journalist who's covered national

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security affairs for over 25 years

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on public radio.

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He's the host of the Daily Briefing

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Monday through Thursday at five

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p.m., as well as Background

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Briefing on Sundays at 11 a.m.

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on KPFA ninety point seven F.M..

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Ian has been a senior fellow at UCLA

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Center for Strategic and

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International Affairs and the UCLA

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Center for International Relations

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was a consultant to the Center for

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National Security Studies at Los

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Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico.

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Please join me in welcoming Ian

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Masters.

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Thank you, Cluadia.

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And just take the correction.

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The next forum is on

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September the 10th at seven

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30 with

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Bob Baer.

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The character that George Clooney

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played in the movie Syriana.

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And Senator Bob Graham, who

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was the chairman of the Senate

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Intelligence Committee at the time

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of 9/11.

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He also co chaired the joint

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congressional inquiry into

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the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

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And he is trying

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to get 28 pages of

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that report declassified.

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And these 28 pages refer to Saudi

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Arabia's role in 9/11.

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And many people, those

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particularly those in the Congress

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who have gone into the

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basement of the Senate Intelligence

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Committee into the secure room

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and have read these pages, say

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that it is entirely changed

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their view of what 9/11

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was all about. So let's hope

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that the senator is

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successful in his quest.

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And thanks, Claudia and all of you,

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for coming today to look back 50

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years.

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Then look at where we are today.

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Then look into ourselves as we sit

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here on the white side of a still

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divided city that periodically

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explodes into flames,

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triggered by the very same events

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involving white police officers

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harassing, beating or killing Black

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men that we have recently

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witnessed across the country.

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In far too many similar incidents

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on far too many occasions,

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amid the rash of anniversaries in

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the last few days, the fiftieth

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for the signing of the Voting Rights

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Act, the 17th for the bombing

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of Hiroshima.

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And today, the anniversary of the

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killing of Michael Brown that

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sparked the uprising in Ferguson,

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Missouri, Tuesdays half

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century mark since Los Angeles

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exploded in what was then

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known as the Los Angeles riots.

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Even though it took three days for

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the violence to reach, Watts itself

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has the depressingly familiar

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pattern of a traffic stop

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of a Black man by a white policeman

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leading to gunshots, tear gas,

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burning buildings and broken lives,

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which 50 years on,

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remains with us.

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From a playground in Cleveland to

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a park in South Carolina to a street

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in New York, to a church in

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Charleston, to a traffic stop

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in Texas, what used to be

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routine and longstanding police

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practices in the shadows

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are now exposed to the world on TV

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and social media as ritual

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denials ring hollow and

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earnest, promises to investigate

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fall on deaf ears.

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That is not to say that here in the

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City of Angels, the LAPD today

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is anything like the reactionary

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paramilitary force it was under.

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Bill Parker.

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Edward Crazy Ed Davis

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or Daryl Gates.

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And the Los Angeles Sheriff's

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Department has finally been purged

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of a decades long code of silence

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cult that thanks to the

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FBI and the new sheriff in town,

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has been exposed to the disinfectant

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of sunlight, which just this

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week the feds with just

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this week the feds ordering an

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overhaul of how the jails treat

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the mentally ill, who have been

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sadistically brutalized for far too

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long and should not be locked

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up with hardened criminals

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in the first place.

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With Black youth unemployment today

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at 30 percent, we might go back to

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the future with the report

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that came out of the Watts uprising

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commissioned by then Governor Pat

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Brown and the father of the current

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governor.

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The McKern commission, headed by

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John A McKern, former director of

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the Central Intelligence Agency,

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looked into what happened and why

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and recommended what should be done

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to ensure that such violence

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would never recur.

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Noting the differences between life

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in places like Watts and life,

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for example, here on the West Side,

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the McKern commission found quoting

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In examining the sickness in the

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center of our city, what

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00:08:42.710 --> 00:08:44.849
has depressed and stunned us most

287
00:08:44.850 --> 00:08:46.829
is the dull, devastating spiral

288
00:08:46.830 --> 00:08:48.839
of failure that awaits the average

289
00:08:48.840 --> 00:08:50.759
disadvantaged child in the

290
00:08:50.760 --> 00:08:52.619
urban core of Los

291
00:08:52.620 --> 00:08:54.239
Angeles.

292
00:08:54.240 --> 00:08:55.443
Johnnie Scott, who grew up in Watts

293
00:08:55.444 --> 00:08:56.699
and witnessed the rebellion

294
00:08:56.700 --> 00:08:58.679
firsthand. We'll start off the

295
00:08:58.680 --> 00:09:00.899
conversation, followed by historian

296
00:09:00.900 --> 00:09:02.429
Gerald Horne, who wrote the

297
00:09:02.430 --> 00:09:04.289
definitive book on the

298
00:09:04.290 --> 00:09:05.249
rebellion.

299
00:09:05.250 --> 00:09:07.319
Then historian Brenda Stevenson

300
00:09:07.320 --> 00:09:09.449
will bring us up to date

301
00:09:09.450 --> 00:09:11.819
on a repetition of similar

302
00:09:11.820 --> 00:09:13.109
events that haunt us and keep

303
00:09:13.110 --> 00:09:14.489
haunting us today.

304
00:09:14.490 --> 00:09:15.479
Then we'll have a discussion

305
00:09:15.480 --> 00:09:18.359
followed by extensive Q&A.

306
00:09:18.360 --> 00:09:20.279
Johnnie Scott is associate professor

307
00:09:20.280 --> 00:09:21.359
and director of External and

308
00:09:21.360 --> 00:09:23.129
Community Projects in the Department

309
00:09:23.130 --> 00:09:25.379
of Africana Studies at California

310
00:09:25.380 --> 00:09:27.149
State University, Northridge.

311
00:09:27.150 --> 00:09:28.649
He is one of the original founding

312
00:09:28.650 --> 00:09:29.939
members of the Watts Writers

313
00:09:29.940 --> 00:09:31.859
Workshop, formed in October

314
00:09:31.860 --> 00:09:33.809
1965 by Oscar

315
00:09:33.810 --> 00:09:35.819
award winning writer Budd Schulberg.

316
00:09:35.820 --> 00:09:37.919
Two months following the Watts

317
00:09:37.920 --> 00:09:39.989
revolt and received an Emmy

318
00:09:39.990 --> 00:09:41.759
Award for his participation and work

319
00:09:41.760 --> 00:09:43.799
in the NBC TV national

320
00:09:43.800 --> 00:09:45.719
documentary The Angry Voices

321
00:09:45.720 --> 00:09:46.859
of Watts.

322
00:09:46.860 --> 00:09:49.019
He attended the nineteen sixty six

323
00:09:49.020 --> 00:09:51.149
White House conference to fulfill

324
00:09:51.150 --> 00:09:52.979
these rights call by then

325
00:09:52.980 --> 00:09:54.779
President Lyndon Johnson in

326
00:09:54.780 --> 00:09:56.189
representing the Watts Commit

327
00:09:56.190 --> 00:09:58.109
community in the Act.

328
00:09:58.110 --> 00:09:59.519
In the immediate aftermath of the

329
00:09:59.520 --> 00:10:01.019
revolt, he served as a member of the

330
00:10:01.020 --> 00:10:02.309
Board of directors of the Watts

331
00:10:02.310 --> 00:10:04.289
branch of the NAACP, was

332
00:10:04.290 --> 00:10:05.849
one of the co-founders of the Sons

333
00:10:05.850 --> 00:10:06.719
of Watts.

334
00:10:06.720 --> 00:10:08.399
The Greater Watts Justice Center,

335
00:10:08.400 --> 00:10:10.829
the studio Watts Workshop,

336
00:10:10.830 --> 00:10:12.539
which he formed with James Wood,

337
00:10:12.540 --> 00:10:14.429
Maya Angelou and Ornette Coleman and

338
00:10:14.430 --> 00:10:16.249
Jane Cortez and

339
00:10:16.250 --> 00:10:18.179
Mafundi Institute with Bill

340
00:10:18.180 --> 00:10:19.139
Marshall.

341
00:10:19.140 --> 00:10:20.729
Ladies and gentlemen, Johnnie

342
00:10:20.730 --> 00:10:21.730
Scotton.

343
00:10:34.330 --> 00:10:35.360
How's everybody doing?

344
00:10:37.120 --> 00:10:37.899
Good.

345
00:10:37.900 --> 00:10:38.900
The.

346
00:10:42.210 --> 00:10:43.230
It's something to

347
00:10:44.490 --> 00:10:46.319
think of how time

348
00:10:46.320 --> 00:10:48.139
passes and

349
00:10:48.140 --> 00:10:49.140
that this is

350
00:10:50.170 --> 00:10:51.170
50 years.

351
00:10:52.770 --> 00:10:53.770
I.

352
00:10:55.390 --> 00:10:57.679
Let's said, look at it, historical

353
00:10:57.680 --> 00:10:59.839
memory or mind's

354
00:10:59.840 --> 00:11:00.840
eye.

355
00:11:01.430 --> 00:11:02.929
It's one thing for me to.

356
00:11:03.930 --> 00:11:05.070
Go back to

357
00:11:06.120 --> 00:11:07.409
that August 11th

358
00:11:08.520 --> 00:11:11.049
when it all jumped off.

359
00:11:11.050 --> 00:11:12.240
But let me

360
00:11:13.470 --> 00:11:15.119
go a little bit further back,

361
00:11:16.200 --> 00:11:18.059
speaking to you

362
00:11:18.060 --> 00:11:19.769
as one of the sons of what?

363
00:11:22.180 --> 00:11:23.410
I grew up in Watts.

364
00:11:24.640 --> 00:11:26.499
Specifically

365
00:11:26.500 --> 00:11:28.210
in the housing projects.

366
00:11:29.230 --> 00:11:31.569
One of them in particular that

367
00:11:31.570 --> 00:11:33.699
some of you may have heard of,

368
00:11:33.700 --> 00:11:36.039
the Jordan Downs,

369
00:11:36.040 --> 00:11:38.469
which has had its its

370
00:11:38.470 --> 00:11:41.079
issues over the years and

371
00:11:41.080 --> 00:11:43.909
growing up in the Jordan Downs,

372
00:11:43.910 --> 00:11:47.019
attended and graduated

373
00:11:47.020 --> 00:11:49.469
from the public schools there.

374
00:11:49.470 --> 00:11:51.399
Hundred and Second Street school,

375
00:11:52.750 --> 00:11:53.950
one block of

376
00:11:55.000 --> 00:11:57.339
how didn't Third Street, which in

377
00:11:57.340 --> 00:11:59.229
1965 would be

378
00:11:59.230 --> 00:12:01.359
called Charcot alley number

379
00:12:01.360 --> 00:12:03.459
one.It's since

380
00:12:03.460 --> 00:12:04.779
been renamed

381
00:12:05.950 --> 00:12:08.379
Florence Griffith Joyner

382
00:12:08.380 --> 00:12:10.720
Elementary after.

383
00:12:12.380 --> 00:12:13.970
That Olympic athlete who also

384
00:12:15.660 --> 00:12:17.309
grew up in the Jordan Downs,

385
00:12:18.390 --> 00:12:20.639
if you will, that was sometime,

386
00:12:20.640 --> 00:12:23.309
of course, after I left.

387
00:12:23.310 --> 00:12:26.429
Then Mark of in junior high

388
00:12:26.430 --> 00:12:27.999
and then.

389
00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:29.859
Jordan High itself,

390
00:12:29.860 --> 00:12:31.869
which is the one high

391
00:12:31.870 --> 00:12:34.269
school in Watts

392
00:12:34.270 --> 00:12:36.249
proper public high school.

393
00:12:39.190 --> 00:12:41.019
Looking at that, and

394
00:12:41.020 --> 00:12:43.569
I'm told my 1950s,

395
00:12:43.570 --> 00:12:44.899
1960s,

396
00:12:46.200 --> 00:12:49.269
let me tell you what, Watts

397
00:12:49.270 --> 00:12:50.830
is historically

398
00:12:52.540 --> 00:12:54.549
the boundaries, if

399
00:12:54.550 --> 00:12:55.550
you will.

400
00:12:58.200 --> 00:12:59.370
Manchester Avenue

401
00:13:00.930 --> 00:13:02.909
to the north.

402
00:13:04.160 --> 00:13:06.199
Imperial Highway

403
00:13:06.200 --> 00:13:07.200
to the south.

404
00:13:08.410 --> 00:13:09.580
Central Avenue.

405
00:13:10.660 --> 00:13:12.129
To the west.

406
00:13:13.320 --> 00:13:15.449
And then Alameda Street

407
00:13:15.450 --> 00:13:16.450
to the.

408
00:13:19.690 --> 00:13:21.639
There will be east to the.

409
00:13:24.090 --> 00:13:26.149
That's what's proper

410
00:13:26.150 --> 00:13:27.899
and for the time that I grew up.

411
00:13:28.920 --> 00:13:30.779
And let's keep in mind, L.A.

412
00:13:30.780 --> 00:13:32.639
is still one of the most segregated

413
00:13:32.640 --> 00:13:34.049
cities in this country.

414
00:13:35.710 --> 00:13:38.519
Segregation, not just between

415
00:13:38.520 --> 00:13:39.520
Black and white.

416
00:13:40.500 --> 00:13:41.919
But Black and Black.

417
00:13:43.740 --> 00:13:44.740
What was

418
00:13:46.200 --> 00:13:48.479
that place where

419
00:13:49.560 --> 00:13:51.449
Blacks moving to

420
00:13:51.450 --> 00:13:53.490
Los Angeles during the

421
00:13:54.960 --> 00:13:56.189
second hour, if you will?

422
00:13:56.190 --> 00:13:58.379
Great Migration of the 1940s

423
00:13:58.380 --> 00:14:01.769
come in there from Arkansas,

424
00:14:01.770 --> 00:14:03.779
Louisiana,

425
00:14:03.780 --> 00:14:05.280
Texas in particular.

426
00:14:06.390 --> 00:14:08.969
That's where they landed and

427
00:14:08.970 --> 00:14:10.110
getting jobs

428
00:14:11.640 --> 00:14:14.009
in the shipping industry.

429
00:14:14.010 --> 00:14:15.419
You know, we make mention of.

430
00:14:18.180 --> 00:14:20.189
John McComb,

431
00:14:20.190 --> 00:14:22.529
who is a shipping magnate,

432
00:14:22.530 --> 00:14:23.530
if you will.

433
00:14:26.710 --> 00:14:29.079
But it was known historically

434
00:14:29.080 --> 00:14:31.779
as Mud Town

435
00:14:31.780 --> 00:14:34.689
there, going back to

436
00:14:34.690 --> 00:14:36.819
its roots as a

437
00:14:36.820 --> 00:14:38.629
farming community.

438
00:14:38.630 --> 00:14:40.569
Truck farming

439
00:14:40.570 --> 00:14:42.639
and the major residents being

440
00:14:43.690 --> 00:14:46.119
at that time, Hispanics

441
00:14:46.120 --> 00:14:48.159
and Japanese and some

442
00:14:48.160 --> 00:14:49.160
Blacks.

443
00:14:52.190 --> 00:14:55.309
At the time that I grew up

444
00:14:55.310 --> 00:14:56.419
in that community

445
00:14:57.830 --> 00:14:59.929
city of Inglewood,

446
00:14:59.930 --> 00:15:01.819
buckle up, was

447
00:15:01.820 --> 00:15:03.129
predominantly white.

448
00:15:05.630 --> 00:15:07.489
Baldwin Hills.

449
00:15:07.490 --> 00:15:10.129
We read about in Ebony magazine

450
00:15:10.130 --> 00:15:11.949
and Jet, because that

451
00:15:11.950 --> 00:15:14.839
was where your big entertainers

452
00:15:14.840 --> 00:15:16.669
lived. Anytime they were able

453
00:15:16.670 --> 00:15:18.469
to buy a home in Beverly Hills or

454
00:15:18.470 --> 00:15:20.299
Baldwin Hills, that

455
00:15:20.300 --> 00:15:22.369
was big news.

456
00:15:22.370 --> 00:15:24.349
This was the time of the restrictive

457
00:15:24.350 --> 00:15:25.269
covenants.

458
00:15:25.270 --> 00:15:27.049
Remember I said that Central Avenue

459
00:15:27.050 --> 00:15:28.659
boundary.

460
00:15:28.660 --> 00:15:30.499
I'm talking about

461
00:15:30.500 --> 00:15:32.599
not being able to buy a home west

462
00:15:32.600 --> 00:15:34.459
of Central Avenue.

463
00:15:34.460 --> 00:15:35.570
If you were my Color,

464
00:15:36.890 --> 00:15:37.819
if you will.

465
00:15:37.820 --> 00:15:40.759
That became one of the major moves.

466
00:15:40.760 --> 00:15:43.309
And what was the poorest?

467
00:15:44.760 --> 00:15:46.679
Of the cities making

468
00:15:46.680 --> 00:15:47.579
up.

469
00:15:47.580 --> 00:15:49.319
Los Angeles.

470
00:15:49.320 --> 00:15:51.389
I know that also

471
00:15:51.390 --> 00:15:53.489
from. For a fact from

472
00:15:53.490 --> 00:15:55.169
Jordan High.

473
00:15:55.170 --> 00:15:57.089
At that time, we had 45

474
00:15:57.090 --> 00:15:59.099
schools that made

475
00:15:59.100 --> 00:16:00.269
up the L.A. Unified.

476
00:16:00.270 --> 00:16:01.989
Very, very different from today.

477
00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:04.979
And Jordan, I typically ranked

478
00:16:04.980 --> 00:16:07.049
number 45

479
00:16:07.050 --> 00:16:09.119
in terms of no tax

480
00:16:09.120 --> 00:16:11.759
base. Let's start off with

481
00:16:11.760 --> 00:16:14.069
that. Looks at the fact that

482
00:16:14.070 --> 00:16:16.059
the majority population of

483
00:16:16.060 --> 00:16:18.329
Watts, over 80 percent,

484
00:16:18.330 --> 00:16:21.059
lived in four housing projects

485
00:16:21.060 --> 00:16:23.369
Jordan Downs, Nickerson

486
00:16:23.370 --> 00:16:24.370
Gardens,

487
00:16:25.440 --> 00:16:27.509
the Imperial Courts

488
00:16:27.510 --> 00:16:28.799
and Hacienda Village in

489
00:16:28.800 --> 00:16:29.800
[intelligibla].

490
00:16:31.380 --> 00:16:33.419
And the primary requirement

491
00:16:34.440 --> 00:16:36.359
to get housing in

492
00:16:36.360 --> 00:16:38.309
the projects was you had to

493
00:16:38.310 --> 00:16:40.179
be on welfare.

494
00:16:40.180 --> 00:16:42.099
Public assistance.

495
00:16:42.100 --> 00:16:43.600
So now we're talking about

496
00:16:45.130 --> 00:16:47.919
truly the dispossessed,

497
00:16:47.920 --> 00:16:49.749
the marginal, the

498
00:16:49.750 --> 00:16:51.609
urban poor, as

499
00:16:51.610 --> 00:16:53.080
we say today, the

500
00:16:54.820 --> 00:16:56.649
not just the underserved, but the

501
00:16:56.650 --> 00:16:58.719
underclass,

502
00:16:58.720 --> 00:16:59.720
if you will.

503
00:17:01.990 --> 00:17:02.990
All of that

504
00:17:04.119 --> 00:17:06.039
being said,

505
00:17:06.040 --> 00:17:08.049
what was remarkable to

506
00:17:08.050 --> 00:17:10.389
me and

507
00:17:10.390 --> 00:17:12.279
my friends, you

508
00:17:12.280 --> 00:17:13.629
know, there's so much I could tell

509
00:17:13.630 --> 00:17:15.879
you about this because

510
00:17:15.880 --> 00:17:17.709
mine is

511
00:17:17.710 --> 00:17:19.839
a lived experience.

512
00:17:21.119 --> 00:17:22.348
That's the first thing you need to

513
00:17:22.349 --> 00:17:23.568
know.

514
00:17:23.569 --> 00:17:25.259
And if I was good enough to tell you

515
00:17:25.260 --> 00:17:26.999
all of it in 10 minutes, I wouldn't

516
00:17:27.000 --> 00:17:28.559
be here. I'd take the show on the

517
00:17:28.560 --> 00:17:30.719
road and

518
00:17:30.720 --> 00:17:31.950
make some real money.

519
00:17:34.680 --> 00:17:36.719
And that says just keeping

520
00:17:36.720 --> 00:17:38.249
it real.

521
00:17:38.250 --> 00:17:40.109
But I can

522
00:17:40.110 --> 00:17:41.969
tell you that there's real

523
00:17:41.970 --> 00:17:44.069
interest in that day

524
00:17:44.070 --> 00:17:45.070
to.

525
00:17:45.740 --> 00:17:47.209
Of the.

526
00:17:47.210 --> 00:17:48.529
And I'm glad to see they call it

527
00:17:48.530 --> 00:17:50.589
rebellion, because

528
00:17:50.590 --> 00:17:52.339
at the time they called it riots.

529
00:17:52.340 --> 00:17:53.349
And we always

530
00:17:54.730 --> 00:17:56.149
do that. I always said, no, it was

531
00:17:56.150 --> 00:17:58.789
not a riot. It was a revolt,

532
00:17:58.790 --> 00:18:00.049
if you will.

533
00:18:00.050 --> 00:18:01.489
That's what the natives call it.

534
00:18:02.780 --> 00:18:05.079
What's all of a sudden

535
00:18:05.080 --> 00:18:06.710
the boundaries change

536
00:18:07.730 --> 00:18:09.559
from Manchester

537
00:18:09.560 --> 00:18:11.659
Central, Imperial

538
00:18:11.660 --> 00:18:13.789
and Alameda to

539
00:18:13.790 --> 00:18:15.350
Washington Boulevard

540
00:18:16.670 --> 00:18:17.670
Crenshaw.

541
00:18:19.190 --> 00:18:22.429
If you will, Alondra

542
00:18:22.430 --> 00:18:24.469
and Alameda, as

543
00:18:24.470 --> 00:18:25.670
Malcolm X would put it,

544
00:18:26.770 --> 00:18:28.839
watch became anywhere

545
00:18:28.840 --> 00:18:30.739
where dissatisfied Black people

546
00:18:30.740 --> 00:18:31.740
lived.

547
00:18:32.520 --> 00:18:34.499
Anywhere where dissatisfied

548
00:18:34.500 --> 00:18:36.419
Black people live.

549
00:18:36.420 --> 00:18:38.339
And those boundaries

550
00:18:39.400 --> 00:18:42.029
have pretty much stayed the same,

551
00:18:42.030 --> 00:18:43.619
if you will, in terms of cultural

552
00:18:43.620 --> 00:18:44.620
boundaries.

553
00:18:45.840 --> 00:18:47.220
Having said that.

554
00:18:52.200 --> 00:18:54.509
From then to now,

555
00:18:54.510 --> 00:18:57.549
when we talk about 1965,

556
00:18:57.550 --> 00:18:58.550
the stop of Marquette Frye

557
00:19:00.390 --> 00:19:02.899
on Avalon Boulevard,

558
00:19:02.900 --> 00:19:05.279
motorcycle policeman.

559
00:19:05.280 --> 00:19:06.980
The subsequent kind of

560
00:19:08.100 --> 00:19:09.100
conflict.

561
00:19:10.040 --> 00:19:12.289
And then it jumped off.

562
00:19:12.290 --> 00:19:13.719
I can tell you that there's a

563
00:19:13.720 --> 00:19:16.729
grapevine in that community

564
00:19:16.730 --> 00:19:18.679
and me and my friends living in

565
00:19:18.680 --> 00:19:19.459
the Jordan Downs.

566
00:19:19.460 --> 00:19:21.409
We heard about it almost

567
00:19:21.410 --> 00:19:22.189
immediately.

568
00:19:22.190 --> 00:19:23.960
I was 18,

569
00:19:25.250 --> 00:19:27.199
had just come back from Harvard.

570
00:19:27.200 --> 00:19:29.049
I should say this

571
00:19:29.050 --> 00:19:30.500
is us at Harvard

572
00:19:31.530 --> 00:19:33.289
because and graduating from Jordan,

573
00:19:33.290 --> 00:19:34.635
I became the first,

574
00:19:37.250 --> 00:19:39.649
of this Color to get a full academic

575
00:19:39.650 --> 00:19:43.099
ride to Harvard University.

576
00:19:43.100 --> 00:19:44.209
And I'll tell you

577
00:19:46.560 --> 00:19:48.379
what I always tell people, I tell my

578
00:19:48.380 --> 00:19:50.119
students a year later, I became the

579
00:19:50.120 --> 00:19:51.979
first to drop out

580
00:19:51.980 --> 00:19:52.980
of Harvard.

581
00:19:55.540 --> 00:19:57.289
And I tell them that to say that

582
00:19:57.290 --> 00:20:00.319
they put me in pretty good company

583
00:20:00.320 --> 00:20:02.579
as I would later find out.

584
00:20:02.580 --> 00:20:03.889
And I came back.

585
00:20:03.890 --> 00:20:06.489
June 65,

586
00:20:06.490 --> 00:20:08.509
with absolutely no idea how my

587
00:20:08.510 --> 00:20:10.669
life would change

588
00:20:10.670 --> 00:20:12.199
in two months.

589
00:20:12.200 --> 00:20:13.200
Two months time.

590
00:20:14.150 --> 00:20:15.150
Like so many.

591
00:20:19.240 --> 00:20:21.249
That confrontation that we speak

592
00:20:21.250 --> 00:20:23.079
of, the conflict

593
00:20:23.080 --> 00:20:26.019
between Black America

594
00:20:26.020 --> 00:20:28.699
and the criminal justice system.

595
00:20:28.700 --> 00:20:29.739
It is not. No.

596
00:20:30.800 --> 00:20:33.219
It did not start with Sarah

597
00:20:33.220 --> 00:20:35.449
or Sandra Bland.

598
00:20:35.450 --> 00:20:38.209
It did not start with Michael Brown.

599
00:20:38.210 --> 00:20:39.739
It did not start with Trayvon

600
00:20:39.740 --> 00:20:41.239
Martin.

601
00:20:41.240 --> 00:20:42.139
No, it did.

602
00:20:42.140 --> 00:20:45.259
It did not start with Eric Garner.

603
00:20:45.260 --> 00:20:47.179
We can go back and we

604
00:20:47.180 --> 00:20:49.009
ought to go way back.

605
00:20:50.160 --> 00:20:52.509
Shirley Fries,

606
00:20:52.510 --> 00:20:54.140
a fellow named Lenord Deadwiler.

607
00:20:55.490 --> 00:20:57.229
I bet a dollar to a dough that many

608
00:20:57.230 --> 00:20:59.209
of you have never heard of.

609
00:20:59.210 --> 00:21:01.099
And others have a

610
00:21:01.100 --> 00:21:02.929
Black man driving down

611
00:21:02.930 --> 00:21:04.819
the Harbor Freeway

612
00:21:04.820 --> 00:21:06.409
with his wife trying to get it to

613
00:21:06.410 --> 00:21:08.869
the hospital. She was pregnant.

614
00:21:08.870 --> 00:21:10.879
He's pulled over by

615
00:21:10.880 --> 00:21:13.130
the police and killed.

616
00:21:14.910 --> 00:21:16.199
Harbor Freeway, we call it the

617
00:21:16.200 --> 00:21:18.130
Wannna. What is that, the 110 now?

618
00:21:19.350 --> 00:21:21.179
And not

619
00:21:21.180 --> 00:21:22.739
only did that make the papers that

620
00:21:22.740 --> 00:21:24.569
also made for two days

621
00:21:24.570 --> 00:21:27.329
of urban unrest,

622
00:21:27.330 --> 00:21:30.239
I'm talking 50 something

623
00:21:30.240 --> 00:21:31.240
years ago.

624
00:21:32.100 --> 00:21:34.170
I'm talking about where I grew up.

625
00:21:35.460 --> 00:21:38.219
Jordan Downs being able to

626
00:21:38.220 --> 00:21:40.619
go outside literally

627
00:21:40.620 --> 00:21:42.239
and sit.

628
00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:43.650
See the conflicts.

629
00:21:45.530 --> 00:21:46.530
Constant.

630
00:21:47.730 --> 00:21:49.619
Often violent and bloody.

631
00:21:50.910 --> 00:21:52.240
And I'm nine years old,

632
00:21:53.280 --> 00:21:56.009
eight years old, 10 years old.

633
00:21:56.010 --> 00:21:58.769
We even then there was this

634
00:21:58.770 --> 00:22:01.169
unspoken understanding

635
00:22:01.170 --> 00:22:02.999
of them

636
00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:04.000
and us.

637
00:22:05.250 --> 00:22:06.250
Them being

638
00:22:07.590 --> 00:22:09.629
law enforcement.

639
00:22:09.630 --> 00:22:11.539
I got to break it down for for you.

640
00:22:11.540 --> 00:22:13.469
Them being whites,

641
00:22:13.470 --> 00:22:15.179
because typically the only whites we

642
00:22:15.180 --> 00:22:17.099
saw were the businessmen that came

643
00:22:17.100 --> 00:22:18.989
in at 8:00 and left at

644
00:22:18.990 --> 00:22:19.990
5:00.

645
00:22:20.670 --> 00:22:22.319
Knocked on your door looking to sell

646
00:22:22.320 --> 00:22:23.819
something.

647
00:22:23.820 --> 00:22:25.349
It was a segregated community,

648
00:22:25.350 --> 00:22:26.460
segregated time,

649
00:22:28.380 --> 00:22:30.369
invited to the White House.

650
00:22:30.370 --> 00:22:33.569
Sixty six of

651
00:22:33.570 --> 00:22:35.009
those interested and represented a

652
00:22:35.010 --> 00:22:36.929
community that

653
00:22:36.930 --> 00:22:37.930
made.

654
00:22:38.990 --> 00:22:40.669
That result in my doing a piece for

655
00:22:40.670 --> 00:22:42.799
The New Yorker, I was 19

656
00:22:42.800 --> 00:22:44.689
Harper's Magazine at the

657
00:22:44.690 --> 00:22:45.690
same time.

658
00:22:46.630 --> 00:22:48.679
I had a chance to talk

659
00:22:48.680 --> 00:22:50.689
about double digit

660
00:22:50.690 --> 00:22:52.130
unemployment and what's

661
00:22:53.240 --> 00:22:54.240
even then.

662
00:22:55.160 --> 00:22:56.160
But

663
00:22:57.680 --> 00:22:59.269
we want to move from then to now.

664
00:23:00.460 --> 00:23:02.079
At the time I grew up, Watts was 90

665
00:23:02.080 --> 00:23:03.130
percent Black.

666
00:23:04.550 --> 00:23:07.219
The demographics have changed.

667
00:23:07.220 --> 00:23:09.539
It's 70 percent Black

668
00:23:09.540 --> 00:23:11.629
or excuse me, Hispanic.

669
00:23:11.630 --> 00:23:12.680
But they're still poor.

670
00:23:14.400 --> 00:23:15.480
There's still marginal.

671
00:23:16.680 --> 00:23:19.169
I had the good opportunity

672
00:23:19.170 --> 00:23:21.480
to write a piece for Time magazine

673
00:23:22.850 --> 00:23:23.850
called From

674
00:23:24.760 --> 00:23:26.639
[intelligible] We're going to

675
00:23:26.640 --> 00:23:29.629
connect the dots in the Q&A.

676
00:23:29.630 --> 00:23:31.259
[intelligible] was the name of my

677
00:23:31.260 --> 00:23:32.819
senior class at Jordan.

678
00:23:33.854 --> 00:23:35.739
[intelligbile], which show some

679
00:23:35.740 --> 00:23:37.809
progression, if you will, in terms

680
00:23:37.810 --> 00:23:38.810
of

681
00:23:39.940 --> 00:23:41.739
Black consciousness was the name of

682
00:23:41.740 --> 00:23:43.899
the class 10 years later

683
00:23:43.900 --> 00:23:46.479
in time, asked me to go back

684
00:23:46.480 --> 00:23:48.639
and write a piece.

685
00:23:48.640 --> 00:23:50.619
And it's that piece I want to share

686
00:23:50.620 --> 00:23:51.879
with you. And then I'm going to step

687
00:23:51.880 --> 00:23:54.069
down from my colleagues

688
00:23:54.070 --> 00:23:55.989
here to really go into

689
00:23:55.990 --> 00:23:57.909
depth comparison,

690
00:23:57.910 --> 00:23:59.739
contrast between my class

691
00:23:59.740 --> 00:24:01.629
of 64 and [intelligble]

692
00:24:01.630 --> 00:24:02.770
of 74.

693
00:24:06.220 --> 00:24:07.450
Average reading level.

694
00:24:08.590 --> 00:24:10.669
I'm Tom with that 12th grade diploma

695
00:24:10.670 --> 00:24:12.349
in your hand.

696
00:24:12.350 --> 00:24:13.350
Sixth grade.

697
00:24:15.020 --> 00:24:17.069
Average math level.

698
00:24:17.070 --> 00:24:18.979
im talking about the classes  fourth

699
00:24:18.980 --> 00:24:19.980
grade.

700
00:24:22.650 --> 00:24:24.569
You come to today and

701
00:24:24.570 --> 00:24:26.039
I speak to you as somebody that's

702
00:24:26.040 --> 00:24:27.599
been an educator, Cal State

703
00:24:27.600 --> 00:24:29.519
Northridge now for 32

704
00:24:29.520 --> 00:24:30.520
years.

705
00:24:32.580 --> 00:24:35.089
What about remediation,

706
00:24:35.090 --> 00:24:36.739
when we talk about a failed school

707
00:24:36.740 --> 00:24:38.136
system, [intelligble],

708
00:24:39.290 --> 00:24:41.869
just a few miles now

709
00:24:41.870 --> 00:24:43.040
from Jordan High?

710
00:24:44.180 --> 00:24:46.249
Forty five percent graduation

711
00:24:46.250 --> 00:24:48.649
rate, which is to say a 55

712
00:24:48.650 --> 00:24:50.089
percent dropout rate.

713
00:24:51.380 --> 00:24:53.599
Twelfth grade diplomas

714
00:24:53.600 --> 00:24:56.089
today, 50 years later,

715
00:24:56.090 --> 00:24:58.280
reading level, sixth grade.

716
00:24:59.490 --> 00:25:01.680
Math, 4th grade.

717
00:25:03.080 --> 00:25:05.389
Black lives matter,

718
00:25:05.390 --> 00:25:06.709
Brown lives matter.

719
00:25:07.850 --> 00:25:09.709
For me, I'm very changed from there.

720
00:25:09.710 --> 00:25:11.719
Johnnie's Scott of those

721
00:25:11.720 --> 00:25:12.709
years back then.

722
00:25:12.710 --> 00:25:15.289
I look at today and let's become

723
00:25:15.290 --> 00:25:16.669
real clear. And this is some I never

724
00:25:16.670 --> 00:25:17.890
thought I would say that,

725
00:25:19.040 --> 00:25:20.089
but I appreciate it.

726
00:25:20.090 --> 00:25:21.189
I was too young then.

727
00:25:22.830 --> 00:25:24.930
Education is the key.

728
00:25:26.200 --> 00:25:27.609
And our kids aren't getting it.

729
00:25:28.810 --> 00:25:30.130
You've got Texas now

730
00:25:31.300 --> 00:25:33.940
rewriting history for the textbooks.

731
00:25:34.980 --> 00:25:36.719
There'll be no mention of the Klan

732
00:25:36.720 --> 00:25:37.720
or slavery.

733
00:25:38.640 --> 00:25:40.229
But you got to understand what Texas

734
00:25:40.230 --> 00:25:42.809
rewriting the textbooks.

735
00:25:42.810 --> 00:25:46.229
Those books are sold nationwide.

736
00:25:46.230 --> 00:25:48.089
Those books will be purchased by the

737
00:25:48.090 --> 00:25:49.949
L.A. Unified.

738
00:25:49.950 --> 00:25:51.839
That's going to be the new history

739
00:25:51.840 --> 00:25:52.840
taught.

740
00:25:53.530 --> 00:25:55.349
To these kids

741
00:25:55.350 --> 00:25:56.969
on top of everything else.

742
00:25:58.980 --> 00:26:00.929
It's been said that

743
00:26:00.930 --> 00:26:02.609
those who forget their past

744
00:26:03.750 --> 00:26:05.070
are doomed to repeat it.

745
00:26:06.120 --> 00:26:07.949
And where there's a lot

746
00:26:07.950 --> 00:26:09.270
of good can be said.

747
00:26:10.440 --> 00:26:11.520
I want to keep it real.

748
00:26:12.720 --> 00:26:14.889
And I want to say that

749
00:26:14.890 --> 00:26:17.529
it's everybody's business in

750
00:26:17.530 --> 00:26:18.319
it.

751
00:26:18.320 --> 00:26:19.959
He should be concerned.

752
00:26:19.960 --> 00:26:21.819
All of us very

753
00:26:21.820 --> 00:26:23.799
concerned that we've

754
00:26:23.800 --> 00:26:24.800
got a system.

755
00:26:25.890 --> 00:26:26.890
That is

756
00:26:27.720 --> 00:26:28.720
broken down.

757
00:26:29.730 --> 00:26:31.649
We have failed, we have reneged on

758
00:26:31.650 --> 00:26:33.239
the promise to our children.

759
00:26:34.320 --> 00:26:36.809
And there is no excusing that

760
00:26:36.810 --> 00:26:38.699
because it's been going on

761
00:26:38.700 --> 00:26:39.629
50 years.

762
00:26:39.630 --> 00:26:41.489
Plus, they'll

763
00:26:41.490 --> 00:26:43.229
be the way I'd introduce the

764
00:26:43.230 --> 00:26:44.699
conversation.

765
00:26:44.700 --> 00:26:45.700
And back to you.

766
00:26:59.410 --> 00:27:00.410
Thank you, Jenny.

767
00:27:01.120 --> 00:27:02.739
Gerald Horne is the John Jay and

768
00:27:02.740 --> 00:27:04.359
Rebecca Moore as chair of history

769
00:27:04.360 --> 00:27:05.919
and African-American studies at the

770
00:27:05.920 --> 00:27:07.329
University of Houston.

771
00:27:07.330 --> 00:27:09.189
His research has addressed issues of

772
00:27:09.190 --> 00:27:11.379
racism in a variety of relations

773
00:27:11.380 --> 00:27:13.359
involving labor, politics,

774
00:27:13.360 --> 00:27:14.559
civil rights, international

775
00:27:14.560 --> 00:27:16.359
relations and war.

776
00:27:16.360 --> 00:27:17.649
He has written more than two dozen

777
00:27:17.650 --> 00:27:18.759
books, including The Color of

778
00:27:18.760 --> 00:27:19.719
Fascism.

779
00:27:19.720 --> 00:27:21.519
Lawrence Dennis' Racial Passing and

780
00:27:21.520 --> 00:27:23.319
the Rise of Right Wing Extremism in

781
00:27:23.320 --> 00:27:24.639
the United States.

782
00:27:24.640 --> 00:27:26.589
Fire This Time: the Watts

783
00:27:26.590 --> 00:27:28.839
Uprising and The 1960s.

784
00:27:28.840 --> 00:27:30.358
And Negro Comrades of the Crown:

785
00:27:30.359 --> 00:27:32.199
African-Americans and the British

786
00:27:32.200 --> 00:27:34.269
Empire Fight the US

787
00:27:34.270 --> 00:27:36.159
Before Emancipation.

788
00:27:36.160 --> 00:27:38.129
His latest books, Counter

789
00:27:38.130 --> 00:27:39.130
Revolution 1776: Slave

790
00:27:41.110 --> 00:27:42.969
Resistance and the Origins

791
00:27:42.970 --> 00:27:45.219
of the USA and

792
00:27:45.220 --> 00:27:47.229
Race to Revolution: The US

793
00:27:47.230 --> 00:27:49.119
and Cuba During Slavery

794
00:27:49.120 --> 00:27:50.829
and Jim Crow.

795
00:27:50.830 --> 00:27:52.660
Ladies and gentlemen, Gerald Horne.

796
00:27:59.970 --> 00:28:00.899
Thank you very much.

797
00:28:00.900 --> 00:28:02.759
And thanks to the Hammer Forum for

798
00:28:02.760 --> 00:28:04.619
inviting me in the 10

799
00:28:04.620 --> 00:28:05.639
minutes I have.

800
00:28:05.640 --> 00:28:07.619
I'm going to read from

801
00:28:07.620 --> 00:28:09.389
the book Fire This Time, which

802
00:28:09.390 --> 00:28:11.009
presents an overview and a snapshot

803
00:28:11.010 --> 00:28:12.959
of the tumultuous events of August

804
00:28:12.960 --> 00:28:15.029
1965.

805
00:28:15.030 --> 00:28:17.249
And then if I have time,

806
00:28:17.250 --> 00:28:19.229
I'm going to try to

807
00:28:19.230 --> 00:28:21.239
dig into the deeper causes

808
00:28:21.240 --> 00:28:22.799
of the tumult.

809
00:28:22.800 --> 00:28:24.719
That is to say something beyond

810
00:28:24.720 --> 00:28:26.039
what you already know, police

811
00:28:26.040 --> 00:28:28.259
brutality, unemployment,

812
00:28:28.260 --> 00:28:30.329
homelessness,

813
00:28:30.330 --> 00:28:32.699
racism, but

814
00:28:32.700 --> 00:28:34.649
causes that are reflected

815
00:28:34.650 --> 00:28:36.119
in the book that Ian mentioned, the

816
00:28:36.120 --> 00:28:37.649
counterrevolution was something 76,

817
00:28:37.650 --> 00:28:38.729
that is, say, the origins United

818
00:28:38.730 --> 00:28:40.619
States and how United States

819
00:28:40.620 --> 00:28:42.179
began as a slaveholders republic

820
00:28:42.180 --> 00:28:44.369
with many of the Africans opposed

821
00:28:44.370 --> 00:28:45.719
to same.

822
00:28:45.720 --> 00:28:48.029
And then transitioned

823
00:28:48.030 --> 00:28:49.799
into a Jim Crow regime with many of

824
00:28:49.800 --> 00:28:52.889
the Africans opposed to same.

825
00:28:52.890 --> 00:28:54.809
And a result in culture

826
00:28:54.810 --> 00:28:56.549
being created where the Black

827
00:28:56.550 --> 00:28:58.139
population is seen as the internal

828
00:28:58.140 --> 00:29:00.089
enemy, which I think sheds

829
00:29:00.090 --> 00:29:01.379
light on many of these police

830
00:29:01.380 --> 00:29:02.699
killings.

831
00:29:02.700 --> 00:29:04.169
And then, of course, the

832
00:29:04.170 --> 00:29:06.119
international context

833
00:29:06.120 --> 00:29:08.849
for these events, that is to say,

834
00:29:08.850 --> 00:29:11.339
these events of 1965

835
00:29:11.340 --> 00:29:13.589
were bookended by

836
00:29:13.590 --> 00:29:15.599
a revolutionary upsurge in

837
00:29:15.600 --> 00:29:16.799
what was then called the colonial

838
00:29:16.800 --> 00:29:18.629
world, kept off by Ben

839
00:29:18.630 --> 00:29:21.149
Dong meeting in Indonesia in 1955,

840
00:29:21.150 --> 00:29:23.159
a mostly African and Asian

841
00:29:23.160 --> 00:29:25.079
nations. And historically,

842
00:29:25.080 --> 00:29:27.479
the fate of the Black population

843
00:29:27.480 --> 00:29:29.339
has been connected intimately

844
00:29:29.340 --> 00:29:31.199
to the fate of the colonized

845
00:29:31.200 --> 00:29:33.659
worlwide. And that gives impetus

846
00:29:33.660 --> 00:29:35.639
to our struggle here, which

847
00:29:35.640 --> 00:29:37.439
is fact is reflected in the briefs

848
00:29:37.440 --> 00:29:38.369
and the Brown versus Board of

849
00:29:38.370 --> 00:29:40.859
Education decision of 1954,

850
00:29:40.860 --> 00:29:42.719
which moves away from

851
00:29:42.720 --> 00:29:44.429
the Geritol at juridical aspects of

852
00:29:44.430 --> 00:29:45.329
Jim Crow.

853
00:29:45.330 --> 00:29:46.809
And then, of course, a counter

854
00:29:46.810 --> 00:29:48.749
revolution that

855
00:29:48.750 --> 00:29:50.639
follows quickly on the heels

856
00:29:50.640 --> 00:29:52.019
of the signing of the Voting Rights

857
00:29:52.020 --> 00:29:54.449
Act, the Watts

858
00:29:54.450 --> 00:29:56.309
rebellion, and, of course,

859
00:29:56.310 --> 00:29:57.310
the

860
00:29:58.230 --> 00:30:00.449
Hart Celler Immigration

861
00:30:00.450 --> 00:30:02.339
Reform Bill, which moves

862
00:30:02.340 --> 00:30:04.109
away from the white supremacist

863
00:30:04.110 --> 00:30:05.729
origins of immigration policy and

864
00:30:05.730 --> 00:30:07.649
opens the door to

865
00:30:07.650 --> 00:30:10.049
a large population of

866
00:30:10.050 --> 00:30:11.969
Latino and people

867
00:30:11.970 --> 00:30:13.589
of Asian descent, which, of course,

868
00:30:13.590 --> 00:30:14.819
transformed California.

869
00:30:15.870 --> 00:30:17.069
And the counterrevolution, of

870
00:30:17.070 --> 00:30:18.479
course, is reflected in Indonesia

871
00:30:18.480 --> 00:30:21.029
once again in September 1965,

872
00:30:21.030 --> 00:30:22.679
with the overthrow of the

873
00:30:22.680 --> 00:30:24.389
nationalist regime of Sukarno, the

874
00:30:24.390 --> 00:30:25.859
massacring of tens of thousands,

875
00:30:25.860 --> 00:30:27.749
hundreds of thousands of progressive

876
00:30:27.750 --> 00:30:29.819
forces, and then the overthrow

877
00:30:29.820 --> 00:30:32.039
of Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, whose

878
00:30:32.040 --> 00:30:34.259
ascension to power in 1957

879
00:30:34.260 --> 00:30:36.449
seemed to signal the

880
00:30:36.450 --> 00:30:38.639
decline of colonialism

881
00:30:38.640 --> 00:30:41.039
in Africa and a new era.

882
00:30:41.040 --> 00:30:43.229
And interestingly enough, of course,

883
00:30:43.230 --> 00:30:44.939
the U.S. ambassador at the time when

884
00:30:44.940 --> 00:30:46.799
he was overthrown

885
00:30:46.800 --> 00:30:49.169
was Franklin Williams, a former

886
00:30:49.170 --> 00:30:51.029
NAACP official on the West

887
00:30:51.030 --> 00:30:51.989
Coast of the United States of

888
00:30:51.990 --> 00:30:52.990
America.

889
00:30:53.740 --> 00:30:55.169
Since this is August 9th, I'd also

890
00:30:55.170 --> 00:30:56.099
be remiss in talking about

891
00:30:56.100 --> 00:30:57.929
international connections of

892
00:30:57.930 --> 00:30:59.879
a failed to note, of course,

893
00:30:59.880 --> 00:31:01.979
not only the bombing of Nagasaki,

894
00:31:01.980 --> 00:31:04.019
but also the

895
00:31:04.020 --> 00:31:06.769
fact that international alliances

896
00:31:06.770 --> 00:31:08.819
have played a pivotal role

897
00:31:08.820 --> 00:31:10.889
in the advance of the Black

898
00:31:10.890 --> 00:31:12.119
population United States, which is

899
00:31:12.120 --> 00:31:13.799
something that's missing now.

900
00:31:13.800 --> 00:31:14.800
And in fact,

901
00:31:17.010 --> 00:31:18.329
during World War Two, of course,

902
00:31:18.330 --> 00:31:19.889
there was substantial pro Tokyo

903
00:31:19.890 --> 00:31:21.979
sentiment in the Black community

904
00:31:21.980 --> 00:31:23.579
there in the states as reflected in

905
00:31:23.580 --> 00:31:24.809
the Pacific movement of the Eastern

906
00:31:24.810 --> 00:31:26.669
world. And more signs

907
00:31:26.670 --> 00:31:28.499
temple in the precursor of

908
00:31:28.500 --> 00:31:30.329
the Nation of Islam, the Temple of

909
00:31:30.330 --> 00:31:31.409
Islam.

910
00:31:31.410 --> 00:31:33.029
Just as

911
00:31:34.410 --> 00:31:36.329
after World War Two, there

912
00:31:36.330 --> 00:31:38.339
was a squashing of

913
00:31:38.340 --> 00:31:40.499
those perceived as pro Moscow,

914
00:31:40.500 --> 00:31:42.179
Paul Robeson, W.B.

915
00:31:42.180 --> 00:31:44.969
Dubois, etc., which sets the stage

916
00:31:44.970 --> 00:31:47.639
for certain kinds of ideologies

917
00:31:47.640 --> 00:31:49.289
developing not least in Black Los

918
00:31:49.290 --> 00:31:51.599
Angeles after August 1965.

919
00:31:51.600 --> 00:31:53.969
So here is

920
00:31:53.970 --> 00:31:55.500
from page three

921
00:31:56.520 --> 00:31:57.900
of Book Fire This time,

922
00:31:59.790 --> 00:32:01.589
at least 34 people died in Los

923
00:32:01.590 --> 00:32:03.389
Angeles during the Watts uprising of

924
00:32:03.390 --> 00:32:04.759
August 1965.

925
00:32:04.760 --> 00:32:06.629
A thousand more were injured

926
00:32:06.630 --> 00:32:08.549
and 4000 arrested.

927
00:32:08.550 --> 00:32:10.559
Property damage was estimated 200

928
00:32:10.560 --> 00:32:12.599
million and a forty six and a half

929
00:32:12.600 --> 00:32:14.459
square mile zone larger than

930
00:32:14.460 --> 00:32:16.399
Manhattan or San Francisco.

931
00:32:16.400 --> 00:32:17.769
We're approaching approximately

932
00:32:17.770 --> 00:32:19.829
35000 adults

933
00:32:19.830 --> 00:32:21.509
were, quote, active as rioters,

934
00:32:21.510 --> 00:32:22.499
unquote.

935
00:32:22.500 --> 00:32:24.209
And seventy two thousand were,

936
00:32:24.210 --> 00:32:26.969
quote, close spectators, unquote.

937
00:32:26.970 --> 00:32:28.389
One had to oppose them were sixteen

938
00:32:28.390 --> 00:32:30.239
thousand National Guard,

939
00:32:30.240 --> 00:32:32.159
LAPD, Highway Patrol and other

940
00:32:32.160 --> 00:32:33.299
law enforcement officers.

941
00:32:33.300 --> 00:32:34.679
Fewer personnel were used by the

942
00:32:34.680 --> 00:32:35.999
United States that same year to

943
00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:37.410
subdue Santo Domingo.

944
00:32:38.460 --> 00:32:40.109
Within the larger area of conflict,

945
00:32:40.110 --> 00:32:42.149
the 20 mile square, 20

946
00:32:42.150 --> 00:32:44.039
square mile district

947
00:32:44.040 --> 00:32:46.349
of Watts Willowbrook was devastated

948
00:32:46.350 --> 00:32:47.609
in its eastern portion live one

949
00:32:47.610 --> 00:32:49.439
sixth of L.A. County's

950
00:32:49.440 --> 00:32:50.999
Black population of little more than

951
00:32:51.000 --> 00:32:52.829
one 1/2 million.

952
00:32:52.830 --> 00:32:54.029
The county included the city and

953
00:32:54.030 --> 00:32:55.609
other territory.

954
00:32:55.610 --> 00:32:56.929
Two thirds of the adult residents

955
00:32:56.930 --> 00:32:57.799
had less than a high school

956
00:32:57.800 --> 00:32:58.969
education and one in eight was

957
00:32:58.970 --> 00:32:59.809
illiterate.

958
00:32:59.810 --> 00:33:01.129
Income levels were lower than any

959
00:33:01.130 --> 00:33:02.289
other section of the county except

960
00:33:02.290 --> 00:33:03.349
for the Skid Row district of

961
00:33:03.350 --> 00:33:05.449
downtown L.A., though most

962
00:33:05.450 --> 00:33:06.619
of those killed were Black.

963
00:33:06.620 --> 00:33:07.879
Most of the property damage was

964
00:33:07.880 --> 00:33:09.379
suffered by ruling elite and middle

965
00:33:09.380 --> 00:33:11.879
class who were predominantly white

966
00:33:11.880 --> 00:33:13.669
and the area bordered by Washington

967
00:33:13.670 --> 00:33:15.349
Boulevard to the north.

968
00:33:15.350 --> 00:33:16.849
Rosecrans Avenue to the south.

969
00:33:16.850 --> 00:33:18.139
Alameda Street to the east.

970
00:33:18.140 --> 00:33:19.819
And Crenshaw Boulevard to the west.

971
00:33:19.820 --> 00:33:21.649
2061 buildings were damaged or

972
00:33:21.650 --> 00:33:23.719
destroyed by fire, along

973
00:33:23.720 --> 00:33:25.459
with almost all of the letter's

974
00:33:25.460 --> 00:33:26.749
contents.

975
00:33:26.750 --> 00:33:28.329
The epicenter of destruction was one

976
00:33:28.330 --> 00:33:29.659
hundred 3rd Street and one three

977
00:33:29.660 --> 00:33:31.189
block area. Forty one buildings

978
00:33:31.190 --> 00:33:33.589
occupied primarily by food, liquor,

979
00:33:33.590 --> 00:33:34.939
furniture and clothing stores were

980
00:33:34.940 --> 00:33:37.189
demolished. Few homes, churches

981
00:33:37.190 --> 00:33:38.639
or libraries were damaged.

982
00:33:38.640 --> 00:33:39.619
the facts that supports the

983
00:33:39.620 --> 00:33:41.239
contention that the Watts uprising

984
00:33:41.240 --> 00:33:42.739
was no mindless riot, but rather a

985
00:33:42.740 --> 00:33:44.029
conscious, though inchoate,

986
00:33:44.030 --> 00:33:45.030
insurrection.

987
00:33:46.020 --> 00:33:48.449
Now, with regard to the causes,

988
00:33:48.450 --> 00:33:49.799
we all know about the arrest of

989
00:33:49.800 --> 00:33:51.659
Marquette Frye one that

990
00:33:51.660 --> 00:33:53.459
evening of August 11th and the early

991
00:33:53.460 --> 00:33:55.769
evening and the

992
00:33:55.770 --> 00:33:57.899
rumor that was floated that

993
00:33:57.900 --> 00:34:00.239
as the authorities approached him,

994
00:34:00.240 --> 00:34:02.309
a woman in a smock who was presumed

995
00:34:02.310 --> 00:34:04.229
to be pregnant had been

996
00:34:04.230 --> 00:34:05.639
mishandled and manhandled.

997
00:34:05.640 --> 00:34:08.039
And that apparently was the trigger.

998
00:34:08.040 --> 00:34:10.079
But I think that the deeper

999
00:34:10.080 --> 00:34:12.059
causes of what

1000
00:34:12.060 --> 00:34:13.289
happened, just less the deeper

1001
00:34:13.290 --> 00:34:15.138
causes of what's reported

1002
00:34:15.139 --> 00:34:16.979
in The Washington Post this morning

1003
00:34:16.980 --> 00:34:19.079
about the first few months of

1004
00:34:19.080 --> 00:34:21.238
2015, 24

1005
00:34:21.239 --> 00:34:23.218
unarmed Black men killed by

1006
00:34:23.219 --> 00:34:25.319
the authorities or the Sandra Bland

1007
00:34:25.320 --> 00:34:28.169
case, or the fact that the

1008
00:34:28.170 --> 00:34:29.639
five Black women were killed

1009
00:34:30.840 --> 00:34:32.369
by the authorities, police

1010
00:34:32.370 --> 00:34:34.529
authorities in July 2015,

1011
00:34:34.530 --> 00:34:36.509
or the Tamir Rice

1012
00:34:36.510 --> 00:34:37.439
case in Cleveland.

1013
00:34:37.440 --> 00:34:39.899
Eric Garner case in Staten Island.

1014
00:34:39.900 --> 00:34:41.809
The Trayvon Martin case in Florida.

1015
00:34:44.100 --> 00:34:45.299
The Walter Scott case in North

1016
00:34:45.300 --> 00:34:46.559
Charleston.

1017
00:34:46.560 --> 00:34:48.658
The frequent videos that we

1018
00:34:48.659 --> 00:34:50.759
are now, some of us are becoming

1019
00:34:50.760 --> 00:34:52.499
and sensitive and sensitive to

1020
00:34:52.500 --> 00:34:54.869
because of their repetitive nature.

1021
00:34:54.870 --> 00:34:57.059
I think that it goes back

1022
00:34:57.060 --> 00:34:58.169
actually to the founding of the

1023
00:34:58.170 --> 00:35:00.299
country and the fact

1024
00:35:00.300 --> 00:35:02.819
that the Africans

1025
00:35:02.820 --> 00:35:04.829
largely viewed the revolt against

1026
00:35:04.830 --> 00:35:06.869
British rule, the way the Africans

1027
00:35:06.870 --> 00:35:08.729
in the country that became Rhodesia

1028
00:35:08.730 --> 00:35:11.219
became Zimbabwe once Rhodesia viewed

1029
00:35:11.220 --> 00:35:12.539
the revolt of the white minority

1030
00:35:12.540 --> 00:35:14.529
regime in November

1031
00:35:14.530 --> 00:35:16.019
1965.

1032
00:35:16.020 --> 00:35:17.969
That is to say, a revolt

1033
00:35:17.970 --> 00:35:19.199
against African majority rule.

1034
00:35:19.200 --> 00:35:21.059
In the latter case, a revolt against

1035
00:35:21.060 --> 00:35:22.849
incipient abolitionism and the

1036
00:35:22.850 --> 00:35:24.419
former case.

1037
00:35:24.420 --> 00:35:26.429
I think it's also fair to say

1038
00:35:26.430 --> 00:35:28.319
that this helped

1039
00:35:28.320 --> 00:35:30.689
to create a culture that

1040
00:35:30.690 --> 00:35:32.309
we are still living with, in part

1041
00:35:32.310 --> 00:35:34.709
because of this romanticized notion

1042
00:35:34.710 --> 00:35:35.880
of the founding United States

1043
00:35:37.410 --> 00:35:39.359
in Australia, where it

1044
00:35:39.360 --> 00:35:40.709
has roots.

1045
00:35:40.710 --> 00:35:43.199
The Tory speak about

1046
00:35:43.200 --> 00:35:45.149
Black armband history, that

1047
00:35:45.150 --> 00:35:47.009
is to say, a critique of the

1048
00:35:47.010 --> 00:35:49.319
settling of Australia

1049
00:35:49.320 --> 00:35:51.239
and the violent implantation

1050
00:35:51.240 --> 00:35:52.769
of white supremacy.

1051
00:35:52.770 --> 00:35:54.059
Whereas in our states, there's a

1052
00:35:54.060 --> 00:35:55.829
remarkable consensus of left, right

1053
00:35:55.830 --> 00:35:58.079
and center that basically accepts

1054
00:35:58.080 --> 00:35:59.939
the romantic version about the

1055
00:35:59.940 --> 00:36:02.039
grand founding fathers under

1056
00:36:02.040 --> 00:36:04.229
noble constitution, etc..

1057
00:36:04.230 --> 00:36:06.059
We have a control group north

1058
00:36:06.060 --> 00:36:07.979
of the border and Canada, which did

1059
00:36:07.980 --> 00:36:09.899
not revolt against British rule.

1060
00:36:09.900 --> 00:36:11.879
And right now

1061
00:36:11.880 --> 00:36:13.709
it's on track to elect a

1062
00:36:13.710 --> 00:36:15.569
socialist prime minister in

1063
00:36:15.570 --> 00:36:17.009
a few months if the polls are

1064
00:36:17.010 --> 00:36:18.089
correct.

1065
00:36:18.090 --> 00:36:20.520
Whereas it states

1066
00:36:22.010 --> 00:36:24.119
perhaps you will be electing

1067
00:36:24.120 --> 00:36:26.729
a pompous billionaire

1068
00:36:26.730 --> 00:36:29.280
in November 2016.

1069
00:36:31.350 --> 00:36:32.350
How much time do I have left?

1070
00:36:34.080 --> 00:36:35.080
Two minutes.

1071
00:36:39.550 --> 00:36:40.699
OK.

1072
00:36:40.700 --> 00:36:41.700
Well,

1073
00:36:43.940 --> 00:36:45.079
I think that there were certain

1074
00:36:45.080 --> 00:36:46.849
reforms that came in the wake of

1075
00:36:46.850 --> 00:36:48.919
August 1965,

1076
00:36:48.920 --> 00:36:50.299
Martin Luther King Hospital was just

1077
00:36:50.300 --> 00:36:52.129
rededicated, as you know, and

1078
00:36:52.130 --> 00:36:54.049
this past weekend, that's

1079
00:36:54.050 --> 00:36:57.079
a concrete manifestation

1080
00:36:57.080 --> 00:36:58.009
of reform. A certain kind of

1081
00:36:58.010 --> 00:36:59.899
affirmative action came

1082
00:36:59.900 --> 00:37:01.939
in the wake of August 1965.

1083
00:37:01.940 --> 00:37:03.829
You saw the L.A. Times, which

1084
00:37:03.830 --> 00:37:05.599
felt that it was hampered because of

1085
00:37:05.600 --> 00:37:07.789
its dearth of Black reporters

1086
00:37:07.790 --> 00:37:09.649
began in terms of covering

1087
00:37:09.650 --> 00:37:11.659
these events begin to move towards

1088
00:37:11.660 --> 00:37:12.830
hiring more Black reporters.

1089
00:37:14.000 --> 00:37:15.949
Of course, there was an attempt,

1090
00:37:15.950 --> 00:37:17.569
you know better than I.

1091
00:37:17.570 --> 00:37:18.949
Not altogether successful to

1092
00:37:18.950 --> 00:37:19.849
desegregate the L.A.

1093
00:37:19.850 --> 00:37:21.529
Fire Department because it was felt

1094
00:37:21.530 --> 00:37:23.479
that fighting fires

1095
00:37:23.480 --> 00:37:25.249
could be more effective if the

1096
00:37:25.250 --> 00:37:27.169
firefighting department

1097
00:37:27.170 --> 00:37:28.609
reflected the community's certain

1098
00:37:28.610 --> 00:37:30.349
moves towards affirmative action at

1099
00:37:30.350 --> 00:37:31.549
the University of California

1100
00:37:31.550 --> 00:37:33.529
campuses, albeit

1101
00:37:33.530 --> 00:37:34.879
aborted in the wake of the

1102
00:37:34.880 --> 00:37:36.169
counterrevolution.

1103
00:37:36.170 --> 00:37:38.209
But I think that

1104
00:37:38.210 --> 00:37:40.309
the ideological impact was also

1105
00:37:40.310 --> 00:37:41.539
significant.

1106
00:37:41.540 --> 00:37:44.479
You had the NAACP, which was

1107
00:37:44.480 --> 00:37:46.699
forced in the previous

1108
00:37:46.700 --> 00:37:48.689
years to purge

1109
00:37:48.690 --> 00:37:50.599
many of its progressive and

1110
00:37:50.600 --> 00:37:52.519
left wing and radical

1111
00:37:52.520 --> 00:37:54.049
membership on anti-communist

1112
00:37:54.050 --> 00:37:55.909
grounds. And you

1113
00:37:55.910 --> 00:37:57.080
also saw the

1114
00:37:58.370 --> 00:38:00.469
resurgence in popularity of

1115
00:38:00.470 --> 00:38:02.479
the Nation of Islam, which

1116
00:38:02.480 --> 00:38:04.759
in many ways fills the vacuum.

1117
00:38:04.760 --> 00:38:05.689
And, of course, the rise of the

1118
00:38:05.690 --> 00:38:08.569
Black Panther Party, which

1119
00:38:08.570 --> 00:38:10.489
had a count, had a foot in the Black

1120
00:38:10.490 --> 00:38:12.109
nationalist camp, a foot and the

1121
00:38:12.110 --> 00:38:14.149
left wing camp, but was

1122
00:38:14.150 --> 00:38:16.099
quickly targeted by the

1123
00:38:16.100 --> 00:38:17.029
authorities.

1124
00:38:17.030 --> 00:38:18.829
And of course, right at UCLA campus

1125
00:38:18.830 --> 00:38:20.689
on January 1969,

1126
00:38:20.690 --> 00:38:22.099
you know, about the shootout that

1127
00:38:22.100 --> 00:38:23.449
took place between certain

1128
00:38:23.450 --> 00:38:25.309
nationalist forces and the

1129
00:38:25.310 --> 00:38:27.319
Black Panther Party leaders,

1130
00:38:27.320 --> 00:38:29.299
Munchy Carter and John Huggins,

1131
00:38:29.300 --> 00:38:31.429
and which was part of an ongoing

1132
00:38:31.430 --> 00:38:32.719
onslaught against that particular

1133
00:38:32.720 --> 00:38:34.099
organization.

1134
00:38:34.100 --> 00:38:36.139
And I think that in many

1135
00:38:36.140 --> 00:38:39.409
ways in 2015,

1136
00:38:39.410 --> 00:38:41.539
we've yet to escape

1137
00:38:41.540 --> 00:38:43.489
the legacy of the so-called

1138
00:38:43.490 --> 00:38:45.169
white backlash and the

1139
00:38:45.170 --> 00:38:47.329
counterrevolution that followed

1140
00:38:47.330 --> 00:38:49.159
in its wake after August

1141
00:38:49.160 --> 00:38:51.379
1965, which is quite unfortunate

1142
00:38:51.380 --> 00:38:52.669
because looking ahead, which was

1143
00:38:52.670 --> 00:38:54.290
supposed to be doing at this forum,

1144
00:38:55.400 --> 00:38:58.159
it's easy to ASPI that

1145
00:38:58.160 --> 00:38:59.449
this economy is going through

1146
00:38:59.450 --> 00:39:00.649
significant changes, that

1147
00:39:00.650 --> 00:39:02.839
liberalization of the economy,

1148
00:39:02.840 --> 00:39:04.939
the which, of course,

1149
00:39:04.940 --> 00:39:06.829
spells ill for taxi

1150
00:39:06.830 --> 00:39:09.199
drivers and truck drivers all along.

1151
00:39:09.200 --> 00:39:10.939
Driverless cars being developed by

1152
00:39:10.940 --> 00:39:12.169
Google.

1153
00:39:12.170 --> 00:39:13.849
And we know that if your work

1154
00:39:13.850 --> 00:39:16.699
project or product can be digitized,

1155
00:39:16.700 --> 00:39:18.529
be you an architect or

1156
00:39:18.530 --> 00:39:20.449
reading Xrays or even

1157
00:39:20.450 --> 00:39:21.450
a lawyer.

1158
00:39:22.010 --> 00:39:24.049
You are in direct competition

1159
00:39:24.050 --> 00:39:26.419
with workers all over the world.

1160
00:39:26.420 --> 00:39:28.519
And this

1161
00:39:28.520 --> 00:39:30.649
does not bode well

1162
00:39:30.650 --> 00:39:32.779
for society where unions

1163
00:39:32.780 --> 00:39:33.889
are weakened.

1164
00:39:33.890 --> 00:39:35.779
Also a direct outcome of

1165
00:39:35.780 --> 00:39:38.719
the counterrevolution that follows

1166
00:39:38.720 --> 00:39:40.399
after World War Two.

1167
00:39:40.400 --> 00:39:42.259
And I guess the question for

1168
00:39:42.260 --> 00:39:44.029
us now is where do we go from here?

1169
00:39:44.030 --> 00:39:45.109
In light of what I've just said,

1170
00:39:45.110 --> 00:39:46.110
thank you.

1171
00:39:55.030 --> 00:39:56.030
Thank you, General.

1172
00:39:56.950 --> 00:39:58.359
Brenda Stephenson is professor of

1173
00:39:58.360 --> 00:39:59.829
history at UCLA.

1174
00:39:59.830 --> 00:40:00.879
She has contributed several

1175
00:40:00.880 --> 00:40:02.199
groundbreaking articles, book

1176
00:40:02.200 --> 00:40:04.089
chapters and essays on slave, social

1177
00:40:04.090 --> 00:40:06.309
life and the experiences of enslaved

1178
00:40:06.310 --> 00:40:07.509
women and children.

1179
00:40:07.510 --> 00:40:09.159
She also coauthored The Underground

1180
00:40:09.160 --> 00:40:11.649
Railroad and served as guest editor

1181
00:40:11.650 --> 00:40:13.719
on two editions on enslaved

1182
00:40:13.720 --> 00:40:15.069
women for the Journal of

1183
00:40:15.070 --> 00:40:16.719
African-American History.

1184
00:40:16.720 --> 00:40:18.099
Professor Stephensons recently

1185
00:40:18.100 --> 00:40:20.079
published book The Contested Murder

1186
00:40:20.080 --> 00:40:22.149
of Latasha Harlins Justice, Gender

1187
00:40:22.150 --> 00:40:23.589
and the Origins of the L.A.

1188
00:40:23.590 --> 00:40:25.539
Riots was described by Hector

1189
00:40:25.540 --> 00:40:27.249
Tobar in his Los Angeles Times

1190
00:40:27.250 --> 00:40:29.109
review as an excellent and

1191
00:40:29.110 --> 00:40:31.749
methodically researched new history.

1192
00:40:31.750 --> 00:40:33.339
At UCLA, Professor Davidson has

1193
00:40:33.340 --> 00:40:34.629
served as chairs of the History

1194
00:40:34.630 --> 00:40:36.879
Department and the Interdepartmental

1195
00:40:36.880 --> 00:40:38.259
History Program.

1196
00:40:38.260 --> 00:40:39.729
She serves on the editorial boards

1197
00:40:39.730 --> 00:40:41.289
of the Journal of Black Studies, the

1198
00:40:41.290 --> 00:40:43.509
Journal of African-American History,

1199
00:40:43.510 --> 00:40:45.549
and the Journal of Women, Gender and

1200
00:40:45.550 --> 00:40:46.829
Families of Color.

1201
00:40:46.830 --> 00:40:48.579
And her latest book is What Is

1202
00:40:48.580 --> 00:40:49.449
Slavery?

1203
00:40:49.450 --> 00:40:51.519
And she just received the John Simon

1204
00:40:51.520 --> 00:40:52.989
Guggenheim Award.

1205
00:40:52.990 --> 00:40:54.609
Ladies and gentlemen, Brenda

1206
00:40:54.610 --> 00:40:55.610
Stevenson.

1207
00:41:12.360 --> 00:41:14.369
Good afternoon and thank

1208
00:41:14.370 --> 00:41:16.409
you so much for joining us today.

1209
00:41:17.550 --> 00:41:18.839
Today, I want to talk about

1210
00:41:18.840 --> 00:41:21.329
continuity's continuity's

1211
00:41:21.330 --> 00:41:22.769
that are disturbing and that

1212
00:41:22.770 --> 00:41:24.959
undergird the American

1213
00:41:24.960 --> 00:41:26.909
race uprising

1214
00:41:26.910 --> 00:41:29.039
or riot or rebellion

1215
00:41:29.040 --> 00:41:30.899
or revolt, including

1216
00:41:30.900 --> 00:41:32.729
the Watts rebellion.

1217
00:41:32.730 --> 00:41:34.589
The Watts rebellion,

1218
00:41:34.590 --> 00:41:36.599
riot resistance of 1965

1219
00:41:36.600 --> 00:41:38.489
did not occur within a vacuum,

1220
00:41:38.490 --> 00:41:40.439
as we've heard by some

1221
00:41:40.440 --> 00:41:41.729
of our other speakers.

1222
00:41:41.730 --> 00:41:42.730
Historically,

1223
00:41:43.800 --> 00:41:45.689
the Watts event can be cataloged

1224
00:41:45.690 --> 00:41:47.709
as a third of four

1225
00:41:47.710 --> 00:41:49.589
such events in Los Angeles during

1226
00:41:49.590 --> 00:41:51.989
the period that Los Angeles was

1227
00:41:51.990 --> 00:41:53.429
part of the United States.

1228
00:41:54.450 --> 00:41:56.279
The first corner race riot

1229
00:41:56.280 --> 00:41:58.949
occurred on October 24th,

1230
00:41:58.950 --> 00:42:00.979
1871,

1231
00:42:00.980 --> 00:42:03.089
when a multiracial group of men,

1232
00:42:03.090 --> 00:42:05.069
primarily white but also

1233
00:42:05.070 --> 00:42:06.509
Latino and Black, attacked the

1234
00:42:06.510 --> 00:42:08.339
Chinese community

1235
00:42:08.340 --> 00:42:10.279
residing on and near the khaleda

1236
00:42:10.280 --> 00:42:12.239
deloused Negroes on Negro

1237
00:42:12.240 --> 00:42:14.429
Alley, culminating in the hanging

1238
00:42:14.430 --> 00:42:16.739
of 17 Chinese males

1239
00:42:16.740 --> 00:42:18.749
thought to be the largest in U.S.

1240
00:42:18.750 --> 00:42:19.750
history.

1241
00:42:21.270 --> 00:42:23.429
Many of them tortured, mutilated

1242
00:42:23.430 --> 00:42:25.519
or shot before being having

1243
00:42:26.730 --> 00:42:28.619
the mass hanging along with

1244
00:42:28.620 --> 00:42:30.389
physical attacks and the widespread

1245
00:42:30.390 --> 00:42:32.249
theft and burning of Chinese

1246
00:42:32.250 --> 00:42:34.289
property made national news

1247
00:42:34.290 --> 00:42:36.269
at the time. But like most

1248
00:42:36.270 --> 00:42:38.219
18th and 19th century, race

1249
00:42:38.220 --> 00:42:40.229
riots really draw our attention

1250
00:42:40.230 --> 00:42:41.369
today.

1251
00:42:41.370 --> 00:42:42.869
Although [intelligbile] has an

1252
00:42:42.870 --> 00:42:45.239
estimated 500 in the crowd,

1253
00:42:45.240 --> 00:42:46.499
about a tenth of the city's

1254
00:42:46.500 --> 00:42:48.659
population at the time

1255
00:42:48.660 --> 00:42:49.660
were.

1256
00:42:52.940 --> 00:42:54.379
Tried and found guilty of

1257
00:42:54.380 --> 00:42:56.929
manslaughter of one of the victims.

1258
00:42:56.930 --> 00:42:58.849
A well regarded physician,

1259
00:42:58.850 --> 00:43:00.679
a legal technicality meant

1260
00:43:00.680 --> 00:43:03.049
they looted punishment.

1261
00:43:03.050 --> 00:43:04.939
The second such event occurred

1262
00:43:04.940 --> 00:43:07.759
in June of 1943.

1263
00:43:07.760 --> 00:43:10.219
The zoot suit riots, which involved

1264
00:43:10.220 --> 00:43:11.779
young Latinos and some

1265
00:43:11.780 --> 00:43:14.059
African-American males

1266
00:43:14.060 --> 00:43:16.369
and females as the targets of white

1267
00:43:16.370 --> 00:43:18.139
male military violence.

1268
00:43:18.140 --> 00:43:19.879
Literally thousands of service men

1269
00:43:19.880 --> 00:43:21.649
in the Navy and the Marines marched

1270
00:43:21.650 --> 00:43:23.509
in a raid at marauded through

1271
00:43:23.510 --> 00:43:25.669
downtown East Los Angeles

1272
00:43:25.670 --> 00:43:27.199
and Central Avenue neighborhoods,

1273
00:43:27.200 --> 00:43:29.269
physically attacking those wearing

1274
00:43:29.270 --> 00:43:31.519
zoot suits and others as well.

1275
00:43:31.520 --> 00:43:33.499
The police accompanied the military

1276
00:43:33.500 --> 00:43:35.599
men as they assaulted approximately

1277
00:43:35.600 --> 00:43:37.519
150 people, but

1278
00:43:37.520 --> 00:43:40.069
refused to arrest them.

1279
00:43:40.070 --> 00:43:42.049
Instead, the arrests, more than 500

1280
00:43:42.050 --> 00:43:44.659
Latinos for rioting

1281
00:43:44.660 --> 00:43:46.579
and of course, the fourth

1282
00:43:46.580 --> 00:43:47.459
race rebellion.

1283
00:43:47.460 --> 00:43:49.069
This city was the deadliest and

1284
00:43:49.070 --> 00:43:50.119
costliest in U.S.

1285
00:43:50.120 --> 00:43:51.019
history.

1286
00:43:51.020 --> 00:43:53.329
The 1992

1287
00:43:53.330 --> 00:43:55.219
riots that engulfed south central

1288
00:43:55.220 --> 00:43:57.139
Los Angeles, Koreatown,

1289
00:43:57.140 --> 00:43:59.119
Compton and other areas, leaving

1290
00:43:59.120 --> 00:44:01.219
54 dead and one billion dollars

1291
00:44:01.220 --> 00:44:04.099
in property damage and destruction.

1292
00:44:04.100 --> 00:44:05.869
There was resistance or rebellion of

1293
00:44:05.870 --> 00:44:07.909
1965, therefore,

1294
00:44:07.910 --> 00:44:10.669
is part of this explosive history.

1295
00:44:10.670 --> 00:44:12.019
In each instance, certain

1296
00:44:12.020 --> 00:44:14.209
characteristics emerge

1297
00:44:14.210 --> 00:44:15.349
in all of these events.

1298
00:44:15.350 --> 00:44:16.789
For example, societal

1299
00:44:16.790 --> 00:44:18.799
marginalization and

1300
00:44:18.800 --> 00:44:21.229
racialization of a group of or

1301
00:44:21.230 --> 00:44:23.589
groups of people of Color.

1302
00:44:23.590 --> 00:44:25.189
In this specific these specific

1303
00:44:25.190 --> 00:44:27.229
cases, the Chinese, Latinos

1304
00:44:27.230 --> 00:44:29.059
and African-Americans are

1305
00:44:29.060 --> 00:44:30.439
at play.

1306
00:44:30.440 --> 00:44:32.329
This racialization meant a partially

1307
00:44:32.330 --> 00:44:34.549
criminalization of these groups

1308
00:44:34.550 --> 00:44:36.889
use as an excuse by authorities,

1309
00:44:36.890 --> 00:44:38.419
particularly members of the criminal

1310
00:44:38.420 --> 00:44:40.489
justice system, to turn either

1311
00:44:40.490 --> 00:44:42.409
a blind eye to the victimization

1312
00:44:42.410 --> 00:44:44.239
or to actively encourage or to

1313
00:44:44.240 --> 00:44:46.099
participate in it.

1314
00:44:46.100 --> 00:44:47.959
In the case of the Chinese riot

1315
00:44:47.960 --> 00:44:49.909
of 1871, the

1316
00:44:49.910 --> 00:44:51.739
accidental shooting of a white man

1317
00:44:51.740 --> 00:44:53.959
caught in the crossfire of two rival

1318
00:44:53.960 --> 00:44:55.849
Chinese factions, what public

1319
00:44:55.850 --> 00:44:57.709
pronouncements of widespread Chinese

1320
00:44:57.710 --> 00:44:59.599
criminality, especially

1321
00:44:59.600 --> 00:45:01.129
gang affiliation

1322
00:45:02.240 --> 00:45:04.509
and organized prostitution

1323
00:45:04.510 --> 00:45:06.649
that purportedly was a threat

1324
00:45:06.650 --> 00:45:08.679
to decent society with

1325
00:45:08.680 --> 00:45:11.719
the zoot suit ride of 1943.

1326
00:45:11.720 --> 00:45:13.849
The police service men and media

1327
00:45:13.850 --> 00:45:15.769
accused Latino youth

1328
00:45:15.770 --> 00:45:17.989
of being disloyal to the nation

1329
00:45:17.990 --> 00:45:19.339
just because he wore elaborate

1330
00:45:19.340 --> 00:45:21.369
clothing to be hoodlums

1331
00:45:21.370 --> 00:45:23.659
who threatened peaceful, law abiding

1332
00:45:23.660 --> 00:45:24.660
citizens?

1333
00:45:25.880 --> 00:45:28.129
The 1992 uprising

1334
00:45:28.130 --> 00:45:29.629
came as a result of the

1335
00:45:29.630 --> 00:45:31.579
criminalization of both

1336
00:45:31.580 --> 00:45:34.129
Rodney  King and Latasha Harlins

1337
00:45:34.130 --> 00:45:35.959
as members and symbols of

1338
00:45:35.960 --> 00:45:38.749
a supposedly violent working

1339
00:45:38.750 --> 00:45:41.449
poor Black community.

1340
00:45:41.450 --> 00:45:43.129
The police betrayed King is a

1341
00:45:43.130 --> 00:45:45.079
treacherous combat and high on

1342
00:45:45.080 --> 00:45:46.549
PSP drug.

1343
00:45:46.550 --> 00:45:48.379
Carlin asserted that Latasha Harlins

1344
00:45:48.380 --> 00:45:50.059
was guilty of assault of a law

1345
00:45:50.060 --> 00:45:51.679
abiding shopkeeper.

1346
00:45:51.680 --> 00:45:53.149
And of course, at the beginning of

1347
00:45:53.150 --> 00:45:55.789
the Watts riots of 1965,

1348
00:45:55.790 --> 00:45:57.649
five family members were accused

1349
00:45:57.650 --> 00:46:00.199
of being drunk and disorderly.

1350
00:46:00.200 --> 00:46:01.609
And there are hundreds of supporters

1351
00:46:01.610 --> 00:46:03.559
who arrived that sticky August

1352
00:46:03.560 --> 00:46:06.349
evening as being thugs and thieves.

1353
00:46:06.350 --> 00:46:08.389
All three groups of victims of Color

1354
00:46:08.390 --> 00:46:10.219
in these events.

1355
00:46:10.220 --> 00:46:12.139
Watts were 34 people

1356
00:46:12.140 --> 00:46:14.419
died, were dubbed the instigators.

1357
00:46:14.420 --> 00:46:16.789
The problem there, racialization,

1358
00:46:16.790 --> 00:46:18.769
as the other, denied them any

1359
00:46:18.770 --> 00:46:20.329
right to victimhood.

1360
00:46:21.410 --> 00:46:23.569
Characteristically as well.

1361
00:46:23.570 --> 00:46:25.639
There is a spark or series

1362
00:46:25.640 --> 00:46:27.349
of sparks before these events take

1363
00:46:27.350 --> 00:46:28.399
for force.

1364
00:46:28.400 --> 00:46:30.529
The Chinese right of 1871

1365
00:46:30.530 --> 00:46:32.029
began soon after the accidental

1366
00:46:32.030 --> 00:46:33.649
shooting of a local white man.

1367
00:46:33.650 --> 00:46:35.339
The zoot suit riots were related

1368
00:46:35.340 --> 00:46:36.889
both to the Sleepy Lagoon murder

1369
00:46:36.890 --> 00:46:38.789
case of the previous year

1370
00:46:38.790 --> 00:46:40.459
and initial art and an initial

1371
00:46:40.460 --> 00:46:42.529
altercation in May 1943

1372
00:46:42.530 --> 00:46:44.389
between naval servicemen

1373
00:46:44.390 --> 00:46:46.699
and young Latino males on

1374
00:46:46.700 --> 00:46:47.989
Main Street.

1375
00:46:47.990 --> 00:46:49.519
The watch resistance came with the

1376
00:46:49.520 --> 00:46:51.409
violent arrest Marquette Frye, his

1377
00:46:51.410 --> 00:46:53.329
mother and stepbrother,

1378
00:46:53.330 --> 00:46:55.459
and the rumored abuse from reported

1379
00:46:55.460 --> 00:46:57.079
pregnant onlooker.

1380
00:46:57.080 --> 00:46:58.939
The 1992 uprising came

1381
00:46:58.940 --> 00:47:01.249
with not built a not guilty verdict

1382
00:47:01.250 --> 00:47:03.169
in the Rodney King case and the no

1383
00:47:03.170 --> 00:47:05.509
time, no jail time since of

1384
00:47:05.510 --> 00:47:06.469
[intelligbile] for the murder of

1385
00:47:06.470 --> 00:47:08.209
Latasha Harlins.

1386
00:47:08.210 --> 00:47:10.459
These sparks validate deep seated

1387
00:47:10.460 --> 00:47:12.589
social, cultural and economic

1388
00:47:12.590 --> 00:47:14.539
anxieties related to an

1389
00:47:14.540 --> 00:47:16.849
operative racial hierarchy

1390
00:47:16.850 --> 00:47:20.039
at the moment of these explosions.

1391
00:47:20.040 --> 00:47:21.799
I would like to switch to for a few

1392
00:47:21.800 --> 00:47:23.539
moments that I have left and speak

1393
00:47:23.540 --> 00:47:25.009
specifically to the history of the

1394
00:47:25.010 --> 00:47:26.899
African-American rebellion

1395
00:47:26.900 --> 00:47:29.119
or race rebellion, connecting whites

1396
00:47:29.120 --> 00:47:30.949
to this national Black experience in

1397
00:47:30.950 --> 00:47:32.839
particular ways that are still

1398
00:47:32.840 --> 00:47:34.819
relevant today

1399
00:47:34.820 --> 00:47:36.109
for African-Americans who

1400
00:47:36.110 --> 00:47:38.459
participated in the watch rebellion

1401
00:47:38.460 --> 00:47:40.909
and in the 1992 uprising.

1402
00:47:40.910 --> 00:47:42.799
Longstanding frustrations were

1403
00:47:42.800 --> 00:47:45.069
related to the lack of resources

1404
00:47:45.070 --> 00:47:47.209
at his jobs, education, health care,

1405
00:47:47.210 --> 00:47:49.149
housing, as well as on

1406
00:47:49.150 --> 00:47:50.989
equal treatment and protection under

1407
00:47:50.990 --> 00:47:52.789
the law as guaranteed by the

1408
00:47:52.790 --> 00:47:54.289
Fourteenth Amendment.

1409
00:47:54.290 --> 00:47:56.329
This last point in particular,

1410
00:47:56.330 --> 00:47:58.219
the treatment of African-Americans

1411
00:47:58.220 --> 00:48:00.379
within the criminal justice system

1412
00:48:00.380 --> 00:48:02.419
has inspired group resistance both

1413
00:48:02.420 --> 00:48:04.369
in the past and continues to do

1414
00:48:04.370 --> 00:48:05.709
so today.

1415
00:48:05.710 --> 00:48:07.489
I think particularly about what has

1416
00:48:07.490 --> 00:48:09.409
recently occurred in Ferguson,

1417
00:48:09.410 --> 00:48:10.759
Baltimore and New York.

1418
00:48:10.760 --> 00:48:12.169
North Charleston, among other

1419
00:48:12.170 --> 00:48:14.119
places, they all can be linked

1420
00:48:14.120 --> 00:48:15.619
to another characteristic of the

1421
00:48:15.620 --> 00:48:17.509
African-American

1422
00:48:17.510 --> 00:48:19.819
race rebellion tied to the reality

1423
00:48:19.820 --> 00:48:22.009
of unequal protection.

1424
00:48:22.010 --> 00:48:23.779
This sparked a series of sparks

1425
00:48:23.780 --> 00:48:25.729
often occur concerning the

1426
00:48:25.730 --> 00:48:27.499
ill treatment of Black youth.

1427
00:48:28.760 --> 00:48:30.739
Adults and females, young

1428
00:48:30.740 --> 00:48:32.359
adults and females by members of the

1429
00:48:32.360 --> 00:48:34.219
criminal justice system,

1430
00:48:34.220 --> 00:48:36.349
the most vulnerable members of

1431
00:48:36.350 --> 00:48:37.350
our community.

1432
00:48:38.930 --> 00:48:40.529
I'll give some examples of the 20.

1433
00:48:40.530 --> 00:48:41.809
And during the 20th century that

1434
00:48:41.810 --> 00:48:43.809
have resulted in race,

1435
00:48:43.810 --> 00:48:46.039
uprising's a trajectory

1436
00:48:46.040 --> 00:48:48.889
in which what is centrally located

1437
00:48:48.890 --> 00:48:50.449
in 1917

1438
00:48:52.520 --> 00:48:54.419
when Houston policemen

1439
00:48:54.420 --> 00:48:55.969
Lee Sparks and Rufus Daniels

1440
00:48:55.970 --> 00:48:57.529
illegally search for an alleged

1441
00:48:57.530 --> 00:49:00.259
gambler in the home of Mrs. Travers

1442
00:49:00.260 --> 00:49:01.819
and did not find him, for example.

1443
00:49:01.820 --> 00:49:03.409
They turned their anger on to the

1444
00:49:03.410 --> 00:49:05.659
respected Black woman and mother.

1445
00:49:05.660 --> 00:49:07.579
They not only curse, beat, and

1446
00:49:07.580 --> 00:49:09.469
dragged her into the street in

1447
00:49:09.470 --> 00:49:11.359
her underclothes, but also

1448
00:49:11.360 --> 00:49:12.919
decided to send her to the local

1449
00:49:12.920 --> 00:49:15.109
prison farm for 90 days because

1450
00:49:15.110 --> 00:49:17.629
she was, quote, one of those biggity

1451
00:49:17.630 --> 00:49:20.389
N-word women in a quote,

1452
00:49:20.390 --> 00:49:22.849
Private Evers of the 24th Interest

1453
00:49:22.850 --> 00:49:24.739
Infantry step forward, who was

1454
00:49:24.740 --> 00:49:25.969
African-American, stepped forward to

1455
00:49:25.970 --> 00:49:27.139
help Mrs. Travers.

1456
00:49:27.140 --> 00:49:28.999
The police retaliated by beating the

1457
00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:30.739
Blacks so brutally.

1458
00:49:30.740 --> 00:49:32.539
Events quickly escalated between the

1459
00:49:32.540 --> 00:49:34.549
police and white men in the town

1460
00:49:34.550 --> 00:49:36.439
and Black soldiers located at

1461
00:49:36.440 --> 00:49:37.759
Camp Logan.

1462
00:49:37.760 --> 00:49:40.279
By nightfall, a full scale uprising

1463
00:49:40.280 --> 00:49:41.599
was underway.

1464
00:49:41.600 --> 00:49:42.600
As a result, 118

1465
00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:46.129
Black soldiers were court martialed,

1466
00:49:46.130 --> 00:49:48.050
19 sentenced to death,

1467
00:49:49.460 --> 00:49:52.549
and 63 were given life sentences.

1468
00:49:52.550 --> 00:49:54.409
The two white officers charged were

1469
00:49:54.410 --> 00:49:55.610
found not guilty.

1470
00:49:58.510 --> 00:50:00.609
One 17 year old Eugene

1471
00:50:00.610 --> 00:50:02.529
Williams drowned a July 27,

1472
00:50:02.530 --> 00:50:04.369
1991, in South

1473
00:50:04.370 --> 00:50:06.549
Side Chicago after waves assaulted

1474
00:50:06.550 --> 00:50:08.559
him with rocks and then the Chicago

1475
00:50:08.560 --> 00:50:10.419
police charged an innocent Black man

1476
00:50:10.420 --> 00:50:12.309
instead of the way he was struck.

1477
00:50:12.310 --> 00:50:14.679
The boy. The Chicago race riot,

1478
00:50:14.680 --> 00:50:16.569
or as it was called or uprising

1479
00:50:16.570 --> 00:50:17.459
ensued.

1480
00:50:17.460 --> 00:50:18.879
Thirty eight persons.

1481
00:50:18.880 --> 00:50:20.949
Twenty three Blacks and 50 whites

1482
00:50:20.950 --> 00:50:23.349
lost their lives in this late,

1483
00:50:23.350 --> 00:50:25.719
late July, early August

1484
00:50:25.720 --> 00:50:27.999
uprising. And thousands more,

1485
00:50:28.000 --> 00:50:29.739
mostly African-Americans, lost

1486
00:50:29.740 --> 00:50:31.749
property and 13 Blacks

1487
00:50:31.750 --> 00:50:32.729
were arrested.

1488
00:50:32.730 --> 00:50:33.730
Nowise.

1489
00:50:35.130 --> 00:50:36.959
In Harlem in 1935

1490
00:50:36.960 --> 00:50:38.879
and 1964,

1491
00:50:38.880 --> 00:50:40.649
rumors that Black youth had been

1492
00:50:40.650 --> 00:50:42.479
killed one by a whites to

1493
00:50:42.480 --> 00:50:44.549
work, Clark and other riot policemen

1494
00:50:44.550 --> 00:50:46.409
led to a right, a

1495
00:50:46.410 --> 00:50:47.749
race uprising.

1496
00:50:47.750 --> 00:50:49.589
Thirty one years later, in July

1497
00:50:49.590 --> 00:50:50.820
1964,

1498
00:50:52.020 --> 00:50:53.999
Black rioters chanted Burn, baby,

1499
00:50:54.000 --> 00:50:56.219
burn for five days as they protested

1500
00:50:56.220 --> 00:50:57.899
the death of a 15 year old, James

1501
00:50:57.900 --> 00:50:58.769
Powell.

1502
00:50:58.770 --> 00:50:59.909
When New York Police Department

1503
00:50:59.910 --> 00:51:01.789
Lieutenant Thomas Gillion shot

1504
00:51:01.790 --> 00:51:04.229
and allege and killed allegedly

1505
00:51:04.230 --> 00:51:06.419
him for allegedly lunging

1506
00:51:06.420 --> 00:51:08.339
with a knife and life that was not

1507
00:51:08.340 --> 00:51:09.899
found in the subsequent

1508
00:51:09.900 --> 00:51:11.729
investigation, the

1509
00:51:11.730 --> 00:51:13.469
Black team's death, one historian

1510
00:51:13.470 --> 00:51:14.999
notes, was the spark that set the

1511
00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:16.919
fire set off the first

1512
00:51:16.920 --> 00:51:18.809
riot in a major American city

1513
00:51:18.810 --> 00:51:20.699
during the 1960s.

1514
00:51:20.700 --> 00:51:22.439
So on the West Coast, then, we had

1515
00:51:22.440 --> 00:51:24.659
Watts of 1965.

1516
00:51:30.500 --> 00:51:31.699
There were arrests and proceeded

1517
00:51:31.700 --> 00:51:33.079
abuse by white members of the

1518
00:51:33.080 --> 00:51:34.789
California Highway Patrol with the

1519
00:51:34.790 --> 00:51:36.799
LAPD and the LAPD of a Black

1520
00:51:36.800 --> 00:51:38.659
youth. Twenty one year old Marquette

1521
00:51:38.660 --> 00:51:39.499
Frye.

1522
00:51:39.500 --> 00:51:41.449
His brother Ronald and his mother,

1523
00:51:41.450 --> 00:51:43.509
Rena Price, as was a young woman,

1524
00:51:43.510 --> 00:51:45.169
the Crown inspector, who is believed

1525
00:51:45.170 --> 00:51:46.369
was pregnant.

1526
00:51:46.370 --> 00:51:48.319
Frye was arrested for the DUI, his

1527
00:51:48.320 --> 00:51:49.609
mother for interfering with the

1528
00:51:49.610 --> 00:51:51.499
arrest, and a young woman

1529
00:51:51.500 --> 00:51:52.579
for spitting on. One of the

1530
00:51:52.580 --> 00:51:54.499
policemen of the crowd has

1531
00:51:54.500 --> 00:51:56.329
seen a CHP officer hit Ronald in

1532
00:51:56.330 --> 00:51:58.009
his four head in the stomach with

1533
00:51:58.010 --> 00:51:59.209
his baton.

1534
00:51:59.210 --> 00:52:00.949
Those gathered at the site reveal,

1535
00:52:00.950 --> 00:52:02.779
We believe, that Rena was rightfully

1536
00:52:02.780 --> 00:52:04.769
upset at the arrest of her son

1537
00:52:04.770 --> 00:52:06.679
and impounding of her car.

1538
00:52:06.680 --> 00:52:08.419
The crowd also believe that the LAPD

1539
00:52:08.420 --> 00:52:10.579
officer was using excessive force

1540
00:52:10.580 --> 00:52:11.749
to arrest a pregnant woman.

1541
00:52:11.750 --> 00:52:13.069
Again, we know now she was not

1542
00:52:13.070 --> 00:52:14.070
pregnant.

1543
00:52:14.540 --> 00:52:16.249
They were incensed by the physical

1544
00:52:16.250 --> 00:52:17.839
abuse the police imposed for what

1545
00:52:17.840 --> 00:52:19.969
they believed were petty crimes.

1546
00:52:19.970 --> 00:52:21.529
They also were upset that the police

1547
00:52:21.530 --> 00:52:23.179
were arresting the woman in the

1548
00:52:23.180 --> 00:52:24.679
smock. Now, only because they

1549
00:52:24.680 --> 00:52:26.449
thought that she was that they were

1550
00:52:26.450 --> 00:52:28.429
she was manhandled and they they

1551
00:52:28.430 --> 00:52:30.109
were manhandling a pregnant woman,

1552
00:52:30.110 --> 00:52:31.489
but also because they were standing

1553
00:52:31.490 --> 00:52:33.499
close to her, knew that she had not

1554
00:52:33.500 --> 00:52:34.939
been a person who actually spat on

1555
00:52:34.940 --> 00:52:36.529
the policeman.

1556
00:52:36.530 --> 00:52:39.979
A year later, in 1966

1557
00:52:39.980 --> 00:52:41.809
in the Bay View Hunters Point

1558
00:52:41.810 --> 00:52:43.669
area of San Francisco,

1559
00:52:43.670 --> 00:52:45.439
another white policeman, while

1560
00:52:45.440 --> 00:52:47.119
pursuing a 16 year old, Matthew

1561
00:52:47.120 --> 00:52:49.279
Johnson, a suspect car

1562
00:52:49.280 --> 00:52:51.139
thief, fired a warning shot that

1563
00:52:51.140 --> 00:52:52.939
landed in the back of the unarmed

1564
00:52:52.940 --> 00:52:54.649
boys hit.

1565
00:52:54.650 --> 00:52:56.629
The African-American youth who

1566
00:52:56.630 --> 00:52:58.729
had not stolen the car, died

1567
00:52:58.730 --> 00:53:00.229
on the streets of his neighborhood

1568
00:53:00.230 --> 00:53:01.819
and a spectacle of his wrongful

1569
00:53:01.820 --> 00:53:03.769
death at the hands the police

1570
00:53:03.770 --> 00:53:05.389
led to an uprising.

1571
00:53:05.390 --> 00:53:07.059
One eye witness record recarpet.

1572
00:53:07.060 --> 00:53:08.599
Soon after the shooting, she saw a

1573
00:53:08.600 --> 00:53:10.459
large crowd of

1574
00:53:10.460 --> 00:53:12.559
men walking down the street yelling,

1575
00:53:12.560 --> 00:53:14.479
We're not going to take it anymore.

1576
00:53:14.480 --> 00:53:16.299
That's it. We're not gonna take

1577
00:53:16.300 --> 00:53:17.359
care. We're going to take care of

1578
00:53:17.360 --> 00:53:19.249
these jokers once and for

1579
00:53:19.250 --> 00:53:20.059
all.

1580
00:53:20.060 --> 00:53:21.949
The witness noted that the man

1581
00:53:21.950 --> 00:53:23.419
did not loot and burn because they

1582
00:53:23.420 --> 00:53:24.289
were thugs.

1583
00:53:24.290 --> 00:53:25.879
As is often characterized in the

1584
00:53:25.880 --> 00:53:28.339
media, quote, they did it out

1585
00:53:28.340 --> 00:53:29.779
of the love for that child.

1586
00:53:29.780 --> 00:53:31.669
Matthew Johnson, his killing

1587
00:53:31.670 --> 00:53:33.619
was a catalyst for

1588
00:53:33.620 --> 00:53:35.509
them going down to Third Street

1589
00:53:35.510 --> 00:53:38.179
and starting uprising at that time.

1590
00:53:38.180 --> 00:53:39.739
That same year, the police in

1591
00:53:39.740 --> 00:53:42.109
Roxbury, a predominantly

1592
00:53:42.110 --> 00:53:43.939
Black neighborhood in Boston,

1593
00:53:43.940 --> 00:53:45.619
resorted to beating and threatening

1594
00:53:45.620 --> 00:53:47.469
women and children who sat

1595
00:53:47.470 --> 00:53:49.819
in the local Department of Welfare.

1596
00:53:49.820 --> 00:53:51.559
The woman felt so threatened by the

1597
00:53:51.560 --> 00:53:53.479
police who, quote,

1598
00:53:53.480 --> 00:53:55.779
dragged, kicked and pulled them

1599
00:53:55.780 --> 00:53:57.259
that some resorted to throwing the

1600
00:53:57.260 --> 00:53:59.179
children out of the windows

1601
00:53:59.180 --> 00:54:01.219
to the waiting arms of protesters

1602
00:54:01.220 --> 00:54:02.299
below.

1603
00:54:02.300 --> 00:54:04.039
The protesters, incensed by the

1604
00:54:04.040 --> 00:54:05.419
treatment of these women and

1605
00:54:05.420 --> 00:54:07.689
children, began with

1606
00:54:07.690 --> 00:54:09.829
a rebellion in the summer

1607
00:54:09.830 --> 00:54:11.299
of 1986.

1608
00:54:11.300 --> 00:54:13.369
An uprising occurred in Richmond,

1609
00:54:13.370 --> 00:54:14.809
California.

1610
00:54:14.810 --> 00:54:16.549
Again, the explosive event was the

1611
00:54:16.550 --> 00:54:18.589
arrest of an abuse

1612
00:54:18.590 --> 00:54:19.590
of a Black youth.

1613
00:54:21.320 --> 00:54:23.209
On June 25th, the rigid police

1614
00:54:23.210 --> 00:54:25.369
shot and quickly critically wounded

1615
00:54:25.370 --> 00:54:27.349
Charles Meme's, a 15 year old boy

1616
00:54:27.350 --> 00:54:29.929
suspected of pass that

1617
00:54:29.930 --> 00:54:31.549
quote, they kill that boy was a

1618
00:54:31.550 --> 00:54:32.479
shell that went through the

1619
00:54:32.480 --> 00:54:34.189
neighborhood as locals gathered

1620
00:54:34.190 --> 00:54:36.739
quickly assessing the situation

1621
00:54:36.740 --> 00:54:38.669
and began to stone.

1622
00:54:38.670 --> 00:54:39.949
The police car.

1623
00:54:39.950 --> 00:54:42.679
The uprising lasted for four days.

1624
00:54:42.680 --> 00:54:44.509
And the list of these kinds of

1625
00:54:44.510 --> 00:54:46.039
events, the image of young,

1626
00:54:46.040 --> 00:54:48.169
vulnerable Blacks being harmed

1627
00:54:48.170 --> 00:54:50.569
sometimes by the police, sometimes

1628
00:54:50.570 --> 00:54:52.399
by other criminal justice personnel

1629
00:54:52.400 --> 00:54:54.229
or actions that proved to

1630
00:54:54.230 --> 00:54:56.209
be the sparks of subsequent uprising

1631
00:54:56.210 --> 00:54:57.829
goes on and on.

1632
00:54:57.830 --> 00:54:59.659
One need only proves the history of

1633
00:54:59.660 --> 00:55:01.809
unrest in cities like Miami,

1634
00:55:01.810 --> 00:55:03.679
which separate race uprisings in

1635
00:55:03.680 --> 00:55:05.719
1980 after five white policemen

1636
00:55:05.720 --> 00:55:07.609
were acquitted after they beat to

1637
00:55:07.610 --> 00:55:09.529
death an unarmed Black insurance

1638
00:55:09.530 --> 00:55:10.530
salesman.

1639
00:55:12.590 --> 00:55:13.879
Arthur McDuffie.

1640
00:55:13.880 --> 00:55:15.379
And another similar event when

1641
00:55:15.380 --> 00:55:17.359
Hispanic police officer shot

1642
00:55:17.360 --> 00:55:18.889
and killed the African-American

1643
00:55:18.890 --> 00:55:20.839
youth, Neville Johnson and

1644
00:55:20.840 --> 00:55:22.819
other cities with similar incidents.

1645
00:55:22.820 --> 00:55:25.399
And it goes on and on.

1646
00:55:25.400 --> 00:55:27.619
Tampa, Florida, in 1967

1647
00:55:27.620 --> 00:55:28.639
and 86.

1648
00:55:28.640 --> 00:55:30.859
Newark, New Jersey and 67

1649
00:55:30.860 --> 00:55:32.959
York, Pennsylvania and 69 Crown

1650
00:55:32.960 --> 00:55:35.149
Heights, Brooklyn, New York

1651
00:55:35.150 --> 00:55:36.529
in 1991.

1652
00:55:36.530 --> 00:55:38.479
St. Petersburg, Florida,

1653
00:55:38.480 --> 00:55:39.379
in 1996.

1654
00:55:39.380 --> 00:55:40.489
Cincinnati, Ohio.

1655
00:55:40.490 --> 00:55:42.979
Benton Harbor, Michigan, in 2003.

1656
00:55:42.980 --> 00:55:44.599
And of course, Oakland, California

1657
00:55:44.600 --> 00:55:47.270
in 2009 and 2010.

1658
00:55:48.710 --> 00:55:50.419
These events all have served as

1659
00:55:50.420 --> 00:55:52.309
cautionary tale that unfortunately

1660
00:55:52.310 --> 00:55:54.379
have not resulted in either

1661
00:55:54.380 --> 00:55:56.179
the perception of or reality of

1662
00:55:56.180 --> 00:55:58.069
Black equality before

1663
00:55:58.070 --> 00:55:59.119
the law.

1664
00:55:59.120 --> 00:56:01.459
It is this legacy that frustrates

1665
00:56:01.460 --> 00:56:03.289
and frightens and that we all

1666
00:56:03.290 --> 00:56:04.819
should be concerned with.

1667
00:56:04.820 --> 00:56:06.370
On this anniversary of the 1965

1668
00:56:08.960 --> 00:56:10.549
watts uprising.

1669
00:56:10.550 --> 00:56:12.499
It has to end if the legacy

1670
00:56:12.500 --> 00:56:14.389
of African-American race

1671
00:56:14.390 --> 00:56:16.729
rebellion is to end.

1672
00:56:16.730 --> 00:56:17.730
Thank you.

1673
00:56:25.950 --> 00:56:27.309
One, two, three, one, two.

1674
00:56:27.310 --> 00:56:28.310
We're working.

1675
00:56:30.690 --> 00:56:32.849
So let's begin with the definition,

1676
00:56:32.850 --> 00:56:33.839
because it doesn't appear to be a

1677
00:56:33.840 --> 00:56:35.789
consistent definition of whether

1678
00:56:35.790 --> 00:56:37.289
it was a right, an uprising,

1679
00:56:37.290 --> 00:56:39.359
rebellion or revolt.

1680
00:56:39.360 --> 00:56:41.449
What would you call 60,

1681
00:56:41.450 --> 00:56:42.749
50 years ago here in L.A.?

1682
00:56:42.750 --> 00:56:43.750
Uprising, rebellion.

1683
00:56:44.190 --> 00:56:46.109
And so far is insofar

1684
00:56:46.110 --> 00:56:47.189
as there was a certain

1685
00:56:47.190 --> 00:56:49.229
intentionality, even though it was

1686
00:56:49.230 --> 00:56:51.319
disorganized and in Kuwait.

1687
00:56:51.320 --> 00:56:52.349
And of course, this is a political

1688
00:56:52.350 --> 00:56:54.179
definition, just like saying,

1689
00:56:54.180 --> 00:56:56.469
Ryders, a political definition

1690
00:56:56.470 --> 00:56:57.470
about you, Jenny.

1691
00:56:59.160 --> 00:57:01.319
At this point, I'd say

1692
00:57:01.320 --> 00:57:03.449
bringing up I'd say this was

1693
00:57:03.450 --> 00:57:04.679
a revolt

1694
00:57:06.860 --> 00:57:08.729
for those who would like to

1695
00:57:08.730 --> 00:57:10.619
romanticize it.

1696
00:57:10.620 --> 00:57:11.859
Revolution?

1697
00:57:11.860 --> 00:57:13.859
No, that's

1698
00:57:13.860 --> 00:57:14.729
entirely different.

1699
00:57:14.730 --> 00:57:16.979
Order of disturbance.

1700
00:57:16.980 --> 00:57:18.889
If you were upheaval

1701
00:57:18.890 --> 00:57:20.949
or a revolt against,

1702
00:57:20.950 --> 00:57:21.950
sir.

1703
00:57:23.000 --> 00:57:25.679
The establish order of a protest,

1704
00:57:25.680 --> 00:57:26.609
if you will.

1705
00:57:26.610 --> 00:57:28.459
And one note sort of

1706
00:57:28.460 --> 00:57:30.869
like concern that I have,

1707
00:57:30.870 --> 00:57:32.729
this is good because this is part of

1708
00:57:32.730 --> 00:57:35.249
that very badly needed conversation

1709
00:57:35.250 --> 00:57:37.169
on race that the

1710
00:57:37.170 --> 00:57:39.029
whole country needs to

1711
00:57:39.030 --> 00:57:40.030
have.

1712
00:57:42.310 --> 00:57:43.660
These incidents.

1713
00:57:45.720 --> 00:57:47.039
Dr. Horne wrote them Mount.

1714
00:57:48.080 --> 00:57:50.029
Britain is where they go back.

1715
00:57:50.030 --> 00:57:51.529
So far, so long, they're so

1716
00:57:51.530 --> 00:57:53.929
numerous, you can almost become

1717
00:57:53.930 --> 00:57:55.579
numb by them.

1718
00:57:57.290 --> 00:57:59.359
And now, I mean, as a way of

1719
00:57:59.360 --> 00:58:01.370
an exercise in oneself against

1720
00:58:02.510 --> 00:58:03.510
the pain.

1721
00:58:04.820 --> 00:58:06.027
I made note of her

1722
00:58:08.540 --> 00:58:09.540
that are failure

1723
00:58:11.120 --> 00:58:13.339
in terms of education?

1724
00:58:13.340 --> 00:58:14.899
Well, one of the notes, I think we

1725
00:58:14.900 --> 00:58:15.799
need to.

1726
00:58:15.800 --> 00:58:17.510
I want to just plant a seed here

1727
00:58:18.840 --> 00:58:21.949
at the Sentencing Commission

1728
00:58:21.950 --> 00:58:23.929
because there's a couple of years

1729
00:58:23.930 --> 00:58:26.029
ago out of Washington, D.C.,

1730
00:58:26.030 --> 00:58:27.949
very reputable,

1731
00:58:27.950 --> 00:58:30.139
put out a publication

1732
00:58:30.140 --> 00:58:31.519
that made note that by the year

1733
00:58:31.520 --> 00:58:33.559
2010,

1734
00:58:33.560 --> 00:58:35.929
this is looking nationwide.

1735
00:58:35.930 --> 00:58:37.939
One out of every three Black men.

1736
00:58:39.070 --> 00:58:41.079
One out of every three Black

1737
00:58:41.080 --> 00:58:42.820
men born in this country

1738
00:58:43.930 --> 00:58:45.239
would either be in prison.

1739
00:58:46.450 --> 00:58:48.730
On probation or parole?

1740
00:58:50.470 --> 00:58:51.639
Baltimore right now, if you're

1741
00:58:51.640 --> 00:58:53.469
between 18 and 27 other

1742
00:58:53.470 --> 00:58:55.329
players, 70 percent of

1743
00:58:55.330 --> 00:58:56.619
the population now.

1744
00:58:58.640 --> 00:59:00.199
I want to repeat, one out of every

1745
00:59:00.200 --> 00:59:01.579
three Black men

1746
00:59:02.600 --> 00:59:04.549
born will be

1747
00:59:04.550 --> 00:59:06.559
in prison on probation

1748
00:59:06.560 --> 00:59:08.149
or parole.

1749
00:59:08.150 --> 00:59:09.439
And that's not even addressing the

1750
00:59:09.440 --> 00:59:11.389
fact that the fastest growing female

1751
00:59:11.390 --> 00:59:13.429
population of Black women.

1752
00:59:14.700 --> 00:59:15.989
Let me slip that script.

1753
00:59:15.990 --> 00:59:18.119
How many of you saw that Matthew

1754
00:59:18.120 --> 00:59:20.219
McConaughey film A Time to Kill

1755
00:59:20.220 --> 00:59:22.500
with Samuel Jackson?

1756
00:59:24.510 --> 00:59:26.249
I'd like to ask you, so to speak.

1757
00:59:26.250 --> 00:59:27.539
Close your eyes

1758
00:59:28.620 --> 00:59:30.759
and imagine me saying

1759
00:59:30.760 --> 00:59:32.129
that by 2010,

1760
00:59:33.210 --> 00:59:35.279
one out of every three white

1761
00:59:35.280 --> 00:59:36.280
men.

1762
00:59:36.850 --> 00:59:37.850
In this country,

1763
00:59:38.900 --> 00:59:40.989
he'll be in prison,

1764
00:59:40.990 --> 00:59:43.389
on probation or parole.

1765
00:59:46.820 --> 00:59:48.259
To which I'd say if that was the

1766
00:59:48.260 --> 00:59:50.089
case, whoever the

1767
00:59:50.090 --> 00:59:51.949
president is would

1768
00:59:51.950 --> 00:59:53.479
declare a state of national

1769
00:59:53.480 --> 00:59:54.480
emergency.

1770
00:59:56.690 --> 00:59:57.739
You hear what I'm saying?

1771
00:59:59.890 --> 01:00:01.060
I'm trying to keep it real.

1772
01:00:02.790 --> 01:00:03.790
Burrowes

1773
01:00:05.260 --> 01:00:07.589
So Brender, you

1774
01:00:07.590 --> 01:00:08.079
won.

1775
01:00:08.080 --> 01:00:09.150
What's your definition and two

1776
01:00:11.380 --> 01:00:13.329
in terms of Latasha Harlins?

1777
01:00:13.330 --> 01:00:14.989
You just mentioned Judge Joyce

1778
01:00:14.990 --> 01:00:17.379
Carlin in passing.

1779
01:00:17.380 --> 01:00:19.119
Is she an example of what's happened

1780
01:00:19.120 --> 01:00:20.679
to the U.S.

1781
01:00:20.680 --> 01:00:22.629
judiciary where

1782
01:00:22.630 --> 01:00:23.679
they've tended?

1783
01:00:23.680 --> 01:00:24.879
It's gotten more and more

1784
01:00:24.880 --> 01:00:26.539
conservative, largely because the

1785
01:00:26.540 --> 01:00:28.809
Republicans have had more

1786
01:00:28.810 --> 01:00:30.759
executive control, certainly

1787
01:00:30.760 --> 01:00:31.539
in federal courts.

1788
01:00:31.540 --> 01:00:34.059
But she's not a federal judge.

1789
01:00:34.060 --> 01:00:36.069
But in general, they've

1790
01:00:36.070 --> 01:00:38.289
elevated prosecutors to

1791
01:00:40.200 --> 01:00:41.769
most of the positions on the court,

1792
01:00:41.770 --> 01:00:43.439
on the bench.

1793
01:00:43.440 --> 01:00:45.309
And has this led to

1794
01:00:45.310 --> 01:00:47.169
this warehousing of Black men

1795
01:00:47.170 --> 01:00:48.639
in the prison industrial complex

1796
01:00:48.640 --> 01:00:51.009
where we have over two million

1797
01:00:51.010 --> 01:00:53.019
people in custody

1798
01:00:53.020 --> 01:00:54.249
in the United States, the highest

1799
01:00:54.250 --> 01:00:55.599
percentage of any country in the

1800
01:00:55.600 --> 01:00:56.600
world?

1801
01:00:57.790 --> 01:00:59.109
I think, first of all, I think it's

1802
01:00:59.110 --> 01:01:01.119
a rebellion or I would call

1803
01:01:01.120 --> 01:01:02.199
a rebellion or revolt.

1804
01:01:02.200 --> 01:01:04.089
I mean, typically I deal with these

1805
01:01:04.090 --> 01:01:06.099
incidents in the era of slavery.

1806
01:01:06.100 --> 01:01:07.539
And so we talked about Nat Turner,

1807
01:01:07.540 --> 01:01:08.679
for example. We've talked about the

1808
01:01:08.680 --> 01:01:10.569
Nat Turner rebellion or revolt

1809
01:01:10.570 --> 01:01:12.429
of Denmark Vessey or you

1810
01:01:12.430 --> 01:01:14.289
know, that the list goes on and

1811
01:01:14.290 --> 01:01:15.290
on.

1812
01:01:15.750 --> 01:01:17.529
And of course, it's been

1813
01:01:17.530 --> 01:01:19.179
characterized in the media largely

1814
01:01:19.180 --> 01:01:20.649
as criminal behavior and criminal

1815
01:01:20.650 --> 01:01:22.179
activity, which is where we get the

1816
01:01:22.180 --> 01:01:23.180
word riot.

1817
01:01:24.790 --> 01:01:26.349
Most of them are racialized, though.

1818
01:01:26.350 --> 01:01:27.729
I mean, that's the key element, is

1819
01:01:27.730 --> 01:01:29.289
that you will find over and over and

1820
01:01:29.290 --> 01:01:31.419
over again. And, you know, whether

1821
01:01:31.420 --> 01:01:33.249
or not African-Americans,

1822
01:01:33.250 --> 01:01:35.199
people or Asian descent, people who

1823
01:01:35.200 --> 01:01:37.029
are of Hispanic

1824
01:01:37.030 --> 01:01:39.039
descent, even in the 19th

1825
01:01:39.040 --> 01:01:40.359
century, who had Irish people who

1826
01:01:40.360 --> 01:01:42.129
were racialized to be Black Irish

1827
01:01:42.130 --> 01:01:44.199
and Italians who were attacked

1828
01:01:44.200 --> 01:01:46.089
in these kinds of events or were

1829
01:01:46.090 --> 01:01:47.949
drawn into these kinds of events to

1830
01:01:47.950 --> 01:01:49.409
go to our judicial, where I think a

1831
01:01:49.410 --> 01:01:50.739
judiciary has traditionally been

1832
01:01:50.740 --> 01:01:52.269
very conservative.

1833
01:01:52.270 --> 01:01:53.889
I mean, we think of the Supreme

1834
01:01:53.890 --> 01:01:55.420
Court as being, you know,

1835
01:01:56.470 --> 01:01:57.849
conservative and then liberal and

1836
01:01:57.850 --> 01:01:58.719
conservative and liberal.

1837
01:01:58.720 --> 01:02:00.789
But if you look at the

1838
01:02:00.790 --> 01:02:02.829
county levels, the county court

1839
01:02:02.830 --> 01:02:04.389
systems, the local court systems

1840
01:02:04.390 --> 01:02:06.219
throughout US history,

1841
01:02:06.220 --> 01:02:07.749
you will see very, very

1842
01:02:07.750 --> 01:02:09.519
conservative.

1843
01:02:09.520 --> 01:02:11.349
And so that's why you can have in

1844
01:02:11.350 --> 01:02:13.179
the era of Jim Crow, for example,

1845
01:02:14.860 --> 01:02:17.619
cases in which people are

1846
01:02:17.620 --> 01:02:18.429
found guilty.

1847
01:02:18.430 --> 01:02:19.509
I mean, the people who were lynched

1848
01:02:19.510 --> 01:02:21.519
were not just by lynched

1849
01:02:21.520 --> 01:02:23.379
by mobs resource or lots of legal

1850
01:02:23.380 --> 01:02:25.419
lynching that occurs to and that's

1851
01:02:25.420 --> 01:02:27.759
related to the judiciary,

1852
01:02:27.760 --> 01:02:29.279
the kinds of sentences that we've

1853
01:02:29.280 --> 01:02:31.269
seen, the differential in sentencing

1854
01:02:31.270 --> 01:02:33.129
sentences that we see not just

1855
01:02:33.130 --> 01:02:35.019
for drug cases, but for almost

1856
01:02:35.020 --> 01:02:37.509
every kind of felony and misdemeanor

1857
01:02:37.510 --> 01:02:39.789
is related to the conservative

1858
01:02:39.790 --> 01:02:41.799
judiciary, too.

1859
01:02:41.800 --> 01:02:43.659
So I think that

1860
01:02:43.660 --> 01:02:45.399
when we look at our criminal justice

1861
01:02:45.400 --> 01:02:47.859
system, I'm also on every level.

1862
01:02:47.860 --> 01:02:49.960
You see a disproportionate

1863
01:02:52.210 --> 01:02:54.099
focus on African-Americans

1864
01:02:54.100 --> 01:02:55.899
and African-American controlling,

1865
01:02:55.900 --> 01:02:57.789
controlling African-Americans

1866
01:02:57.790 --> 01:02:59.439
and housing African-Americans in

1867
01:02:59.440 --> 01:03:00.440
prisons.

1868
01:03:01.240 --> 01:03:03.189
That's on on every level,

1869
01:03:03.190 --> 01:03:04.419
whether we're down police, whether

1870
01:03:04.420 --> 01:03:05.799
we're talking about juries to a

1871
01:03:05.800 --> 01:03:06.669
certain extent, whether we're

1872
01:03:06.670 --> 01:03:08.619
talking about judges as

1873
01:03:08.620 --> 01:03:10.419
well. So as some is infected, our

1874
01:03:10.420 --> 01:03:12.549
entire system of the criminal

1875
01:03:12.550 --> 01:03:14.379
justice system and, you know, our

1876
01:03:14.380 --> 01:03:15.609
criminal justice system, when it was

1877
01:03:15.610 --> 01:03:17.109
first established in the colonial

1878
01:03:17.110 --> 01:03:19.119
period, was established

1879
01:03:19.120 --> 01:03:21.099
as one in which African-Americans

1880
01:03:21.100 --> 01:03:22.989
were not to be represented in the

1881
01:03:22.990 --> 01:03:24.279
same or treated the same kinds of

1882
01:03:24.280 --> 01:03:26.169
ways as other people, so that,

1883
01:03:26.170 --> 01:03:27.639
for example, African-Americans and

1884
01:03:27.640 --> 01:03:29.169
that serve on juries and

1885
01:03:29.170 --> 01:03:30.699
African-Americans cannot testify

1886
01:03:30.700 --> 01:03:32.409
against whites.

1887
01:03:32.410 --> 01:03:34.089
African-Americans did not need to

1888
01:03:34.090 --> 01:03:35.819
have juries, etc.

1889
01:03:35.820 --> 01:03:36.999
even, you know, as far back as

1890
01:03:37.000 --> 01:03:39.129
colonial law, we see this

1891
01:03:39.130 --> 01:03:40.869
established, as, you know, in terms

1892
01:03:40.870 --> 01:03:42.399
of the way in which to establish our

1893
01:03:42.400 --> 01:03:44.229
judiciary and to and

1894
01:03:44.230 --> 01:03:46.209
for the jury to function.

1895
01:03:46.210 --> 01:03:48.099
So I think that when I talk

1896
01:03:48.100 --> 01:03:49.719
about Joyce Carlin, she was just a

1897
01:03:49.720 --> 01:03:51.609
symptom or example of a

1898
01:03:51.610 --> 01:03:53.649
very conservative judiciary

1899
01:03:53.650 --> 01:03:54.519
that we had then.

1900
01:03:54.520 --> 01:03:56.139
And we still have and that we've had

1901
01:03:56.140 --> 01:03:57.339
in the far past as well.

1902
01:03:58.510 --> 01:03:59.829
By the way, can we get the cards

1903
01:03:59.830 --> 01:04:00.939
because we're running a little late,

1904
01:04:00.940 --> 01:04:02.679
so I want to get to Q&A as soon as I

1905
01:04:02.680 --> 01:04:03.680
can.

1906
01:04:04.540 --> 01:04:06.459
There I met one of the three by

1907
01:04:06.460 --> 01:04:08.919
five cards, which you can

1908
01:04:08.920 --> 01:04:10.929
still collect and.

1909
01:04:12.700 --> 01:04:13.700
So Gerald,

1910
01:04:14.840 --> 01:04:16.669
you you put it in a

1911
01:04:16.670 --> 01:04:18.719
broader political context,

1912
01:04:18.720 --> 01:04:19.549
you know.

1913
01:04:19.550 --> 01:04:22.069
But just

1914
01:04:22.070 --> 01:04:23.629
as we just had, our judiciary has

1915
01:04:23.630 --> 01:04:25.579
always been conservative and

1916
01:04:25.580 --> 01:04:26.359
I.

1917
01:04:26.360 --> 01:04:27.649
Isn't there a corollary that our

1918
01:04:27.650 --> 01:04:28.519
politics have always been

1919
01:04:28.520 --> 01:04:29.299
conservative?

1920
01:04:29.300 --> 01:04:31.219
I mean, we maybe we

1921
01:04:31.220 --> 01:04:33.289
had, you know, a couple of periods

1922
01:04:33.290 --> 01:04:34.290
of reform,

1923
01:04:35.180 --> 01:04:37.069
usually after the entire

1924
01:04:37.070 --> 01:04:39.019
economy collapses, as was

1925
01:04:39.020 --> 01:04:40.099
the case with Roosevelt.

1926
01:04:40.100 --> 01:04:41.599
And arguably, you say we had social

1927
01:04:41.600 --> 01:04:43.579
democracy from 1944

1928
01:04:43.580 --> 01:04:45.499
to 1977, but

1929
01:04:45.500 --> 01:04:47.329
wish we sure are heading in

1930
01:04:47.330 --> 01:04:49.219
a more or more economically

1931
01:04:49.220 --> 01:04:50.959
conservative direction.

1932
01:04:50.960 --> 01:04:53.239
And even when you

1933
01:04:53.240 --> 01:04:55.699
suggested even the possibility

1934
01:04:55.700 --> 01:04:57.530
of Donald Trump becoming president,

1935
01:04:59.030 --> 01:05:01.659
I don't see any reform,

1936
01:05:01.660 --> 01:05:03.619
left wing reformation or

1937
01:05:03.620 --> 01:05:05.569
revolution on the horizon.

1938
01:05:05.570 --> 01:05:06.570
Do you?

1939
01:05:07.090 --> 01:05:09.219
Well, if that happens,

1940
01:05:09.220 --> 01:05:11.049
we'll probably all meet in an

1941
01:05:11.050 --> 01:05:12.520
internment camp at the Rosebowl

1942
01:05:15.250 --> 01:05:16.250
book.

1943
01:05:17.360 --> 01:05:19.209
But I think also is, as

1944
01:05:19.210 --> 01:05:21.069
I hinted in my remarks,

1945
01:05:21.070 --> 01:05:22.909
that part of it is

1946
01:05:22.910 --> 01:05:23.910
the.

1947
01:05:25.680 --> 01:05:27.539
Maladroit policies

1948
01:05:27.540 --> 01:05:28.439
pursued by some of our

1949
01:05:28.440 --> 01:05:29.309
organizations.

1950
01:05:29.310 --> 01:05:31.129
I mean, for example, we just

1951
01:05:31.130 --> 01:05:33.719
saw a brief exposition

1952
01:05:33.720 --> 01:05:35.669
of the law by Professor Stevenson.

1953
01:05:35.670 --> 01:05:38.369
And yet if you look at the NAACP

1954
01:05:38.370 --> 01:05:40.199
after 1948, after

1955
01:05:40.200 --> 01:05:42.449
the BP Dubois's purge,

1956
01:05:42.450 --> 01:05:44.789
you see that a strategy

1957
01:05:44.790 --> 01:05:46.649
is adopted

1958
01:05:46.650 --> 01:05:48.929
of relying upon the courts

1959
01:05:48.930 --> 01:05:49.829
for reform.

1960
01:05:49.830 --> 01:05:51.509
Now, it seemed like a good idea at

1961
01:05:51.510 --> 01:05:53.369
the time, even though Earl

1962
01:05:53.370 --> 01:05:55.019
Warren, the former California

1963
01:05:55.020 --> 01:05:57.209
governor who was Supreme Court

1964
01:05:57.210 --> 01:05:58.919
chief justice in 1954 at the time of

1965
01:05:58.920 --> 01:05:59.699
Brown vs.

1966
01:05:59.700 --> 01:06:00.799
Board of Education, some of

1967
01:06:00.800 --> 01:06:02.279
California's stories may know that

1968
01:06:02.280 --> 01:06:04.109
he had distinguished himself

1969
01:06:04.110 --> 01:06:05.729
previously, but playing a pivotal

1970
01:06:05.730 --> 01:06:07.709
role. Any in terms of

1971
01:06:07.710 --> 01:06:09.959
U.S. nationals, of Japanese origin

1972
01:06:09.960 --> 01:06:12.029
does not necessarily bode well

1973
01:06:12.030 --> 01:06:13.769
for being a flaming civil

1974
01:06:13.770 --> 01:06:14.939
libertarian.

1975
01:06:14.940 --> 01:06:16.799
But in any case, that was the

1976
01:06:16.800 --> 01:06:18.449
strategy that it's adopted and now

1977
01:06:18.450 --> 01:06:19.859
are our organizations are trying to

1978
01:06:19.860 --> 01:06:21.809
keep cases out of the courts

1979
01:06:21.810 --> 01:06:23.699
because the courts

1980
01:06:23.700 --> 01:06:26.399
have turned so sharply to the right.

1981
01:06:26.400 --> 01:06:28.139
And yet there hasn't necessarily

1982
01:06:28.140 --> 01:06:30.479
been a reappraisal and agonizing

1983
01:06:30.480 --> 01:06:32.309
reappraisal of the strategy

1984
01:06:32.310 --> 01:06:33.579
and the first place.

1985
01:06:33.580 --> 01:06:35.429
I mean, that's what I find remarkable.

1986
01:06:35.430 --> 01:06:36.599
You know that the Pentagon, they

1987
01:06:36.600 --> 01:06:38.399
often have after action reports,

1988
01:06:38.400 --> 01:06:40.619
after a battle

1989
01:06:40.620 --> 01:06:42.909
and we're in a battle, but rarely

1990
01:06:42.910 --> 01:06:44.159
or they're after action reports

1991
01:06:44.160 --> 01:06:45.899
where we go back and see what went

1992
01:06:45.900 --> 01:06:47.609
right, what went wrong.

1993
01:06:47.610 --> 01:06:49.869
Just keep plodding ahead

1994
01:06:49.870 --> 01:06:52.379
with the same strategy and tactics,

1995
01:06:52.380 --> 01:06:54.629
even though obviously conditions

1996
01:06:54.630 --> 01:06:56.099
have changed.

1997
01:06:56.100 --> 01:06:58.439
And the international conditions,

1998
01:06:58.440 --> 01:06:59.839
for example, the Cold War and the

1999
01:06:59.840 --> 01:07:02.069
red states was trying to

2000
01:07:02.070 --> 01:07:03.419
point the finger of accusation at

2001
01:07:03.420 --> 01:07:04.889
Moscow for human rights violations

2002
01:07:04.890 --> 01:07:06.359
and therefore had to get its own

2003
01:07:06.360 --> 01:07:07.409
house in order.

2004
01:07:07.410 --> 01:07:08.879
Well, that international context

2005
01:07:08.880 --> 01:07:11.309
obviously is decent period.

2006
01:07:11.310 --> 01:07:13.349
And yet the same strategy

2007
01:07:13.350 --> 01:07:14.779
that that international context

2008
01:07:14.780 --> 01:07:17.129
animates, it is still being pursued.

2009
01:07:17.130 --> 01:07:19.079
I mean, assuming that

2010
01:07:19.080 --> 01:07:20.819
climate change or nuclear war does

2011
01:07:20.820 --> 01:07:22.049
not overcome us all, I think our

2012
01:07:22.050 --> 01:07:24.029
grandchildren ought to be sharply

2013
01:07:24.030 --> 01:07:26.159
critical of many

2014
01:07:26.160 --> 01:07:29.189
of our leaders and intellectuals

2015
01:07:29.190 --> 01:07:30.749
going forward in the 21st century.

2016
01:07:32.470 --> 01:07:33.730
Let's take a question here.

2017
01:07:35.200 --> 01:07:37.209
I guess it's asking for three

2018
01:07:37.210 --> 01:07:39.299
specific improvements in L.A.

2019
01:07:39.300 --> 01:07:41.679
made directly resulting from

2020
01:07:41.680 --> 01:07:43.699
we can't use the word riots.

2021
01:07:43.700 --> 01:07:44.769
Okay.

2022
01:07:44.770 --> 01:07:46.929
To L.A.

2023
01:07:46.930 --> 01:07:49.000
and not just the Watts area.

2024
01:07:50.420 --> 01:07:51.489
Johnny, what do you want to take

2025
01:07:51.490 --> 01:07:52.490
that one?

2026
01:07:54.920 --> 01:07:57.359
Thank you again.

2027
01:07:57.360 --> 01:07:59.249
Let me just make note

2028
01:07:59.250 --> 01:08:00.869
of a book I'd like to recommend,

2029
01:08:00.870 --> 01:08:02.929
because I know

2030
01:08:02.930 --> 01:08:03.709
a lot of people.

2031
01:08:03.710 --> 01:08:05.639
And afterwards, you're here

2032
01:08:05.640 --> 01:08:06.899
and our lives in this kind of

2033
01:08:06.900 --> 01:08:08.409
turnout year here because you are

2034
01:08:08.410 --> 01:08:09.929
concerned and it's always good to

2035
01:08:09.930 --> 01:08:11.549
have something to follow up.

2036
01:08:11.550 --> 01:08:12.870
The new Jim Crow,

2037
01:08:14.010 --> 01:08:16.068
Michelle Alexander.

2038
01:08:16.069 --> 01:08:18.449
I'd almost make that required

2039
01:08:18.450 --> 01:08:19.450
reading.

2040
01:08:20.120 --> 01:08:20.969
OK.

2041
01:08:20.970 --> 01:08:22.228
Yeah. OK.

2042
01:08:22.229 --> 01:08:23.398
But the new Jim Crow.

2043
01:08:23.399 --> 01:08:25.139
For those of you who haven't heard

2044
01:08:25.140 --> 01:08:27.209
of it, Michelle Alexander,

2045
01:08:27.210 --> 01:08:28.210
I would say

2046
01:08:29.399 --> 01:08:31.278
just make that required reading,

2047
01:08:31.279 --> 01:08:33.239
you know, and you can.

2048
01:08:33.240 --> 01:08:34.739
And then when you read it, discuss

2049
01:08:34.740 --> 01:08:36.148
it with friends.

2050
01:08:36.149 --> 01:08:38.849
OK. Now three

2051
01:08:38.850 --> 01:08:40.529
are improvements.

2052
01:08:41.729 --> 01:08:43.589
Have to go to the McColm report

2053
01:08:43.590 --> 01:08:45.989
and their findings

2054
01:08:45.990 --> 01:08:46.990
are.

2055
01:08:48.300 --> 01:08:49.419
The first would be.

2056
01:08:53.060 --> 01:08:54.509
Health care.

2057
01:08:54.510 --> 01:08:56.489
But then not I'd

2058
01:08:56.490 --> 01:08:57.490
have a.

2059
01:08:58.670 --> 01:09:00.559
I'd say I wouldn't be ready to

2060
01:09:00.560 --> 01:09:02.419
give a grade on it yet because

2061
01:09:02.420 --> 01:09:03.420
I.

2062
01:09:03.700 --> 01:09:04.989
I was there, remember, when the

2063
01:09:04.990 --> 01:09:06.938
voters voted down

2064
01:09:06.939 --> 01:09:08.619
the initial proposition, I would

2065
01:09:08.620 --> 01:09:09.938
have brought about a Martin Luther

2066
01:09:09.939 --> 01:09:11.769
King Hospital

2067
01:09:11.770 --> 01:09:13.599
and how the community had to

2068
01:09:13.600 --> 01:09:15.579
go to bat to get that

2069
01:09:15.580 --> 01:09:16.580
hospital

2070
01:09:17.470 --> 01:09:18.760
brought into existence.

2071
01:09:19.810 --> 01:09:21.938
And then no matter

2072
01:09:21.939 --> 01:09:23.739
the work that had been done there

2073
01:09:23.740 --> 01:09:25.299
and there was in the middle of a

2074
01:09:26.500 --> 01:09:28.380
high crime area, can we say

2075
01:09:30.170 --> 01:09:32.228
and distinguish itself

2076
01:09:32.229 --> 01:09:33.849
in terms of trauma center where the

2077
01:09:33.850 --> 01:09:35.739
U.S. Army, even

2078
01:09:35.740 --> 01:09:37.659
the doctors for Walter Reed

2079
01:09:37.660 --> 01:09:39.499
Hospital, were trained there,

2080
01:09:39.500 --> 01:09:41.049
you know, in terms of emergency

2081
01:09:41.050 --> 01:09:42.050
surgery. Still,

2082
01:09:44.710 --> 01:09:46.719
it was closed down

2083
01:09:46.720 --> 01:09:47.648
and L.A.

2084
01:09:47.649 --> 01:09:49.869
Times let that it was close

2085
01:09:49.870 --> 01:09:50.870
down.

2086
01:09:51.380 --> 01:09:54.339
And for several years, the community

2087
01:09:54.340 --> 01:09:55.929
did without.

2088
01:09:55.930 --> 01:09:57.939
Well, now we've got a smaller

2089
01:09:57.940 --> 01:10:00.309
version that just

2090
01:10:00.310 --> 01:10:01.310
is open.

2091
01:10:04.840 --> 01:10:06.249
And one of the most medically

2092
01:10:06.250 --> 01:10:08.469
underserved areas

2093
01:10:08.470 --> 01:10:09.470
in the country.

2094
01:10:10.450 --> 01:10:12.369
I'd say it's

2095
01:10:12.370 --> 01:10:14.079
a big gesture, but let's hold off

2096
01:10:14.080 --> 01:10:15.819
before we pat ourselves on the

2097
01:10:15.820 --> 01:10:16.820
back.There's

2098
01:10:18.570 --> 01:10:19.760
a lot of work to be done.

2099
01:10:21.640 --> 01:10:22.929
Employment, unemployment.

2100
01:10:22.930 --> 01:10:23.979
I'd love to say.

2101
01:10:23.980 --> 01:10:25.959
And that there's been improvement,

2102
01:10:25.960 --> 01:10:26.960
but there hasn't.

2103
01:10:27.760 --> 01:10:29.319
The area still has the highest

2104
01:10:29.320 --> 01:10:30.459
unemployment rate

2105
01:10:31.480 --> 01:10:32.480
in the city.

2106
01:10:33.400 --> 01:10:35.079
In the county.

2107
01:10:35.080 --> 01:10:37.449
Among the highest in the country.

2108
01:10:37.450 --> 01:10:38.889
And this is even with the shifting

2109
01:10:38.890 --> 01:10:39.879
demographics.

2110
01:10:39.880 --> 01:10:41.769
If you notice, up

2111
01:10:41.770 --> 01:10:43.929
from 90 percent Black to 70 percent

2112
01:10:43.930 --> 01:10:45.459
Hispanic.

2113
01:10:45.460 --> 01:10:47.109
But the unemployment rate is still

2114
01:10:47.110 --> 01:10:48.879
high. And if you were to ask

2115
01:10:48.880 --> 01:10:49.809
question what happened to those

2116
01:10:49.810 --> 01:10:51.489
Black people?

2117
01:10:51.490 --> 01:10:52.569
Well, they moved to the Inland

2118
01:10:52.570 --> 01:10:54.549
Empire and up to

2119
01:10:54.550 --> 01:10:56.259
Lancaster.

2120
01:10:56.260 --> 01:10:57.759
And now you've got new poverty

2121
01:10:57.760 --> 01:10:59.679
centers that

2122
01:10:59.680 --> 01:11:01.269
need to be addressed.

2123
01:11:01.270 --> 01:11:03.460
So this is something that's ongoing.

2124
01:11:06.150 --> 01:11:07.979
I don't want to be a spoilsport,

2125
01:11:07.980 --> 01:11:09.989
because my nature is

2126
01:11:09.990 --> 01:11:11.249
I like to think of myself as an

2127
01:11:11.250 --> 01:11:13.379
eternal optimist.

2128
01:11:13.380 --> 01:11:14.380
You know, Bob.

2129
01:11:15.950 --> 01:11:18.140
If I want to speak truly,

2130
01:11:19.490 --> 01:11:20.479
I think that's what you want to

2131
01:11:20.480 --> 01:11:22.909
hear, why it was Black America

2132
01:11:22.910 --> 01:11:24.170
having this kind of temper.

2133
01:11:25.210 --> 01:11:26.389
It's because we've been hearing the

2134
01:11:26.390 --> 01:11:28.209
same thing for a long time as even

2135
01:11:28.210 --> 01:11:30.199
as. And it's the same old same M.O..

2136
01:11:31.820 --> 01:11:32.629
And we need friends.

2137
01:11:32.630 --> 01:11:34.399
We need we need help.

2138
01:11:34.400 --> 01:11:36.349
That's where are the

2139
01:11:36.350 --> 01:11:38.119
now is what's important

2140
01:11:39.310 --> 01:11:40.429
now.

2141
01:11:40.430 --> 01:11:42.649
And the fact I know that

2142
01:11:42.650 --> 01:11:44.449
for whatever I say, my friends say

2143
01:11:44.450 --> 01:11:46.309
it's got to be yourselves

2144
01:11:46.310 --> 01:11:48.139
are ultimately going to be the ones

2145
01:11:48.140 --> 01:11:49.429
that are going to make a difference.

2146
01:11:51.530 --> 01:11:53.659
Any comment about the apparent lack

2147
01:11:53.660 --> 01:11:55.839
of diversity in this audience

2148
01:11:55.840 --> 01:11:57.129
then? Look that way to me that

2149
01:11:57.130 --> 01:11:58.279
anywhere.

2150
01:11:58.280 --> 01:12:00.589
Is it possible that the deepest

2151
01:12:00.590 --> 01:12:02.629
underlying root of our

2152
01:12:02.630 --> 01:12:04.459
racial issues is a human

2153
01:12:04.460 --> 01:12:06.889
need for other

2154
01:12:06.890 --> 01:12:08.779
that has been manifested in many

2155
01:12:08.780 --> 01:12:10.549
cultures throughout the world since

2156
01:12:10.550 --> 01:12:12.469
the beginning of time?

2157
01:12:12.470 --> 01:12:13.629
I'm not sure I understand that.

2158
01:12:13.630 --> 01:12:14.630
But Brenda,

2159
01:12:16.400 --> 01:12:17.400
what do you think?

2160
01:12:19.650 --> 01:12:21.529
I think I really do

2161
01:12:21.530 --> 01:12:22.919
think in terms of looking at what

2162
01:12:22.920 --> 01:12:24.769
are our deep seated racial

2163
01:12:24.770 --> 01:12:26.599
issues are in the nation,

2164
01:12:26.600 --> 01:12:28.519
is that this

2165
01:12:28.520 --> 01:12:30.859
nation recognizes

2166
01:12:30.860 --> 01:12:33.049
race as

2167
01:12:33.050 --> 01:12:35.119
a marker of

2168
01:12:35.120 --> 01:12:36.799
hierarchy.

2169
01:12:36.800 --> 01:12:38.419
It's a determinant of whether or not

2170
01:12:38.420 --> 01:12:40.549
one is going to be

2171
01:12:40.550 --> 01:12:42.649
someone who was productive and

2172
01:12:42.650 --> 01:12:44.869
who therefore deserves

2173
01:12:44.870 --> 01:12:47.239
resources and support,

2174
01:12:47.240 --> 01:12:50.259
humanitarian treatment, equality,

2175
01:12:50.260 --> 01:12:52.169
et etc., cetera,

2176
01:12:52.170 --> 01:12:54.229
or who does not.

2177
01:12:54.230 --> 01:12:56.119
And very or early on,

2178
01:12:56.120 --> 01:12:57.619
at least by the end of the 17th,

2179
01:12:57.620 --> 01:12:59.599
going into the 18th century of this

2180
01:12:59.600 --> 01:13:01.609
nation and with regard to

2181
01:13:01.610 --> 01:13:03.019
contact with Native peoples, of

2182
01:13:03.020 --> 01:13:04.520
course, earlier than that,

2183
01:13:06.510 --> 01:13:08.479
a decision by those persons who

2184
01:13:08.480 --> 01:13:10.409
gained political,

2185
01:13:10.410 --> 01:13:12.319
military and economic

2186
01:13:12.320 --> 01:13:14.839
authority was that

2187
01:13:14.840 --> 01:13:15.859
certain peoples

2188
01:13:16.940 --> 01:13:18.799
were marked with certain

2189
01:13:18.800 --> 01:13:21.259
races and those persons deserved

2190
01:13:21.260 --> 01:13:23.359
to be equal citizens in the United

2191
01:13:23.360 --> 01:13:25.459
States and other persons

2192
01:13:25.460 --> 01:13:26.989
did not. And the interesting thing

2193
01:13:26.990 --> 01:13:28.489
is that, of course, there's racial

2194
01:13:28.490 --> 01:13:30.619
markers change across

2195
01:13:30.620 --> 01:13:31.879
time.

2196
01:13:31.880 --> 01:13:33.409
As I said, the Irish, who once were

2197
01:13:33.410 --> 01:13:35.539
considered a dark

2198
01:13:35.540 --> 01:13:37.459
race by dark.

2199
01:13:37.460 --> 01:13:38.929
The indication was that they were

2200
01:13:38.930 --> 01:13:41.449
savage and brutal and didn't deserve

2201
01:13:41.450 --> 01:13:43.039
to have equality in the United

2202
01:13:43.040 --> 01:13:45.169
States. Jewish people were treated

2203
01:13:45.170 --> 01:13:46.599
that way and thought of that where

2204
01:13:46.600 --> 01:13:48.049
in the 19th, the beginning of the

2205
01:13:48.050 --> 01:13:49.939
20th century,

2206
01:13:49.940 --> 01:13:51.769
Asian descended people

2207
01:13:51.770 --> 01:13:54.049
at the end of the 19th into

2208
01:13:54.050 --> 01:13:55.909
well into the 20th century wasn't

2209
01:13:55.910 --> 01:13:57.089
in 1865.

2210
01:13:57.090 --> 01:13:58.789
The Asian Exclusion Act was done

2211
01:13:58.790 --> 01:14:01.219
away with in our society.

2212
01:14:01.220 --> 01:14:03.229
And so our racial

2213
01:14:03.230 --> 01:14:06.709
issues are very, very deep seeded.

2214
01:14:06.710 --> 01:14:08.599
They are

2215
01:14:08.600 --> 01:14:10.549
part and parcel of what it is

2216
01:14:10.550 --> 01:14:13.129
to be America, unfortunately.

2217
01:14:13.130 --> 01:14:15.079
And until we realize that this

2218
01:14:15.080 --> 01:14:16.969
nation, the ideals of

2219
01:14:16.970 --> 01:14:18.379
this nation, is something that

2220
01:14:18.380 --> 01:14:19.939
should continue to be, that we

2221
01:14:19.940 --> 01:14:21.409
should continue to evolve towards

2222
01:14:21.410 --> 01:14:22.969
those ideals, we have not arrived

2223
01:14:22.970 --> 01:14:25.429
there. We're far away from there.

2224
01:14:25.430 --> 01:14:27.299
We'll continue to have them.

2225
01:14:27.300 --> 01:14:28.969
And but I think that you can really

2226
01:14:28.970 --> 01:14:30.949
speak very eloquently about this

2227
01:14:30.950 --> 01:14:31.849
with go out to the American

2228
01:14:31.850 --> 01:14:32.929
Revolution.

2229
01:14:32.930 --> 01:14:34.649
Just briefly, the previous question,

2230
01:14:34.650 --> 01:14:36.469
I would point, especially the young

2231
01:14:36.470 --> 01:14:37.549
scholars in the audience to the

2232
01:14:37.550 --> 01:14:38.749
Southern California Library for

2233
01:14:38.750 --> 01:14:40.039
Social Studies and Research, which

2234
01:14:40.040 --> 01:14:42.139
is a direct outgrowth

2235
01:14:42.140 --> 01:14:44.609
of the events of August 1965

2236
01:14:44.610 --> 01:14:46.429
and is the jewel of an archive.

2237
01:14:46.430 --> 01:14:47.689
I was just out there the other day

2238
01:14:47.690 --> 01:14:49.789
and young scholars in particular

2239
01:14:49.790 --> 01:14:51.829
should be mining the collections

2240
01:14:51.830 --> 01:14:53.389
there. With regard to the second

2241
01:14:53.390 --> 01:14:55.409
question, when

2242
01:14:55.410 --> 01:14:57.019
the United States was formed in many

2243
01:14:57.020 --> 01:14:58.519
ways as embodied in the First

2244
01:14:58.520 --> 01:15:00.199
Amendment and freedom of religion,

2245
01:15:00.200 --> 01:15:01.969
so call it was revolt against the

2246
01:15:01.970 --> 01:15:03.929
religious wars of Europe

2247
01:15:03.930 --> 01:15:05.509
or Protestant versus Catholic and

2248
01:15:05.510 --> 01:15:07.489
Christian versus Muslim

2249
01:15:07.490 --> 01:15:08.539
and Jewish. And of course, that's

2250
01:15:08.540 --> 01:15:10.789
what celebrated by many historians

2251
01:15:10.790 --> 01:15:11.779
is a full stop.

2252
01:15:11.780 --> 01:15:13.009
They entered there and don't move to

2253
01:15:13.010 --> 01:15:15.049
the new axis, which is

2254
01:15:15.050 --> 01:15:17.059
those defined as white versus those

2255
01:15:17.060 --> 01:15:18.459
not defined as white or militarized.

2256
01:15:18.460 --> 01:15:20.179
Militarized identity politics is

2257
01:15:20.180 --> 01:15:22.519
what I call with the former

2258
01:15:22.520 --> 01:15:25.189
allowed to plunder and expropriate

2259
01:15:25.190 --> 01:15:26.299
the latter.

2260
01:15:26.300 --> 01:15:28.249
Then after

2261
01:15:28.250 --> 01:15:31.189
1853, when the black ships

2262
01:15:31.190 --> 01:15:33.049
sail into Japan, of course,

2263
01:15:33.050 --> 01:15:34.279
the turns itself around with

2264
01:15:34.280 --> 01:15:36.189
immediate restoration.

2265
01:15:36.190 --> 01:15:38.039
The Japanese elites try to turn

2266
01:15:38.040 --> 01:15:40.189
white supremacy on its head with

2267
01:15:40.190 --> 01:15:41.809
regard to the so-called Colored

2268
01:15:41.810 --> 01:15:43.189
races vs.

2269
01:15:43.190 --> 01:15:45.139
the whites. And that ends,

2270
01:15:45.140 --> 01:15:46.969
as you know, 70 years ago,

2271
01:15:46.970 --> 01:15:48.649
August 9th, 1945.

2272
01:15:48.650 --> 01:15:50.869
You may want to connect, hopefully

2273
01:15:50.870 --> 01:15:52.939
the last atomic bombing

2274
01:15:52.940 --> 01:15:55.069
in history to that

2275
01:15:55.070 --> 01:15:56.689
racial approach that Tokyo was

2276
01:15:56.690 --> 01:15:57.619
forming. And then, of course, there

2277
01:15:57.620 --> 01:15:59.299
was the class question, the one

2278
01:15:59.300 --> 01:16:00.919
percent versus the 99 percent in

2279
01:16:00.920 --> 01:16:02.479
this latest iteration, which

2280
01:16:02.480 --> 01:16:04.489
obviously gain some traction

2281
01:16:04.490 --> 01:16:06.469
during the 20th century and helps

2282
01:16:06.470 --> 01:16:07.729
to account for the promises of many

2283
01:16:07.730 --> 01:16:09.619
of us here and where we are

2284
01:16:09.620 --> 01:16:10.549
today.

2285
01:16:10.550 --> 01:16:12.529
But as you know, that particular

2286
01:16:12.530 --> 01:16:14.269
access and movement, too, has been

2287
01:16:14.270 --> 01:16:16.759
suffering. The ring blows of late,

2288
01:16:16.760 --> 01:16:18.529
which is one of the reasons why

2289
01:16:18.530 --> 01:16:20.119
there are so many complaints,

2290
01:16:20.120 --> 01:16:21.409
particularly from our community.

2291
01:16:23.990 --> 01:16:25.819
How can we best combat

2292
01:16:25.820 --> 01:16:26.869
racialization?

2293
01:16:26.870 --> 01:16:28.699
I'm not sure that that word.

2294
01:16:28.700 --> 01:16:30.859
How can we retake

2295
01:16:30.860 --> 01:16:33.259
the content placed within textbooks?

2296
01:16:35.410 --> 01:16:36.410
Who wants to take that one.

2297
01:16:42.810 --> 01:16:44.999
That's going to be a major,

2298
01:16:45.000 --> 01:16:46.919
major front because

2299
01:16:46.920 --> 01:16:48.329
now you're talking about all of you

2300
01:16:48.330 --> 01:16:49.709
sitting there.

2301
01:16:49.710 --> 01:16:50.969
If your kids are grown, then you're

2302
01:16:50.970 --> 01:16:52.409
going to have grandkids.

2303
01:16:53.730 --> 01:16:55.889
You got to be concerned in terms of

2304
01:16:55.890 --> 01:16:56.819
what they're going to be taught

2305
01:16:56.820 --> 01:16:59.069
about this country's history.

2306
01:17:00.250 --> 01:17:02.099
And what it stands for.

2307
01:17:02.100 --> 01:17:04.319
You have to be concerned.

2308
01:17:05.910 --> 01:17:08.369
And I say that thinking

2309
01:17:08.370 --> 01:17:10.179
of a certain irony.

2310
01:17:10.180 --> 01:17:12.599
Gerald, you know, back in 65,

2311
01:17:12.600 --> 01:17:13.499
you remember the question.

2312
01:17:13.500 --> 01:17:14.699
I say, why? Why would they

2313
01:17:16.080 --> 01:17:17.639
raise all that sand and why

2314
01:17:17.640 --> 01:17:19.829
Seagate's palm trees

2315
01:17:19.830 --> 01:17:20.830
there,

2316
01:17:22.270 --> 01:17:23.270
you know?

2317
01:17:23.790 --> 01:17:25.499
Yeah. You know, Southern California,

2318
01:17:25.500 --> 01:17:27.180
where it never rains.

2319
01:17:29.550 --> 01:17:31.649
We're at that age now, as I look,

2320
01:17:31.650 --> 01:17:32.819
I see a lot of you that

2321
01:17:34.220 --> 01:17:36.209
so like look look like me or mirror

2322
01:17:36.210 --> 01:17:38.790
me an age where we're transitioning.

2323
01:17:40.600 --> 01:17:41.409
We're in the middle of the

2324
01:17:41.410 --> 01:17:43.119
transition as a new generation

2325
01:17:43.120 --> 01:17:44.120
coming.

2326
01:17:44.560 --> 01:17:46.239
And for a lot of us were worried,

2327
01:17:46.240 --> 01:17:47.859
even in terms of how to get in touch

2328
01:17:47.860 --> 01:17:49.569
with our children, much less our

2329
01:17:49.570 --> 01:17:50.570
grandchildren.

2330
01:17:51.680 --> 01:17:54.559
And I'm telling you front and center

2331
01:17:54.560 --> 01:17:56.419
that in Texas,

2332
01:17:56.420 --> 01:17:58.309
which is a leading center

2333
01:17:58.310 --> 01:18:00.379
for the publishing

2334
01:18:00.380 --> 01:18:02.419
of textbooks used

2335
01:18:02.420 --> 01:18:04.759
in the public schools,

2336
01:18:04.760 --> 01:18:07.309
is literally rewriting

2337
01:18:07.310 --> 01:18:08.310
history.

2338
01:18:08.840 --> 01:18:10.489
This isn't Johnnie Scott in an

2339
01:18:10.490 --> 01:18:13.039
African outfit telling you this.

2340
01:18:13.040 --> 01:18:14.040
This is fact.

2341
01:18:15.250 --> 01:18:17.829
And that's those books will be sold

2342
01:18:17.830 --> 01:18:18.840
in California.

2343
01:18:19.930 --> 01:18:21.589
Oregon.

2344
01:18:21.590 --> 01:18:24.499
New York, Florida.

2345
01:18:24.500 --> 01:18:26.439
That's going to be the new paradigm

2346
01:18:26.440 --> 01:18:28.159
that's going to be taught to your

2347
01:18:28.160 --> 01:18:29.160
grandchildren.

2348
01:18:30.910 --> 01:18:33.339
You need to all be concerned

2349
01:18:33.340 --> 01:18:34.340
about that.

2350
01:18:35.390 --> 01:18:37.039
You can be the best people you want,

2351
01:18:37.040 --> 01:18:38.989
but you have no control over

2352
01:18:38.990 --> 01:18:40.979
what's happening in that school

2353
01:18:40.980 --> 01:18:43.099
room when your kid is

2354
01:18:43.100 --> 01:18:45.169
third grade, fourth

2355
01:18:45.170 --> 01:18:47.089
grade, because that's when

2356
01:18:47.090 --> 01:18:48.859
those attitudes, you know, or

2357
01:18:48.860 --> 01:18:50.839
something. And let me turn it

2358
01:18:50.840 --> 01:18:52.159
over to Brenda, because the question

2359
01:18:52.160 --> 01:18:53.509
is, what can we do?

2360
01:18:53.510 --> 01:18:56.079
I think is one thing for scholars,

2361
01:18:56.080 --> 01:18:58.460
but are you the community?

2362
01:19:00.430 --> 01:19:01.489
Have to speak up.

2363
01:19:04.260 --> 01:19:05.849
We could leave too much up to the

2364
01:19:05.850 --> 01:19:07.769
educators.

2365
01:19:07.770 --> 01:19:08.770
You.

2366
01:19:09.780 --> 01:19:12.509
Are the ones who are vested

2367
01:19:12.510 --> 01:19:14.189
in this, and I say that not just as

2368
01:19:14.190 --> 01:19:15.869
an educator, but

2369
01:19:17.190 --> 01:19:18.389
I've got grand kids.

2370
01:19:20.790 --> 01:19:22.769
I'm concerned as well, but

2371
01:19:22.770 --> 01:19:23.770
let's hear from.

2372
01:19:25.160 --> 01:19:26.039
Well, I think you're absolutely

2373
01:19:26.040 --> 01:19:27.419
right. I mean, this is really

2374
01:19:27.420 --> 01:19:29.179
frightening. It's something it's

2375
01:19:29.180 --> 01:19:30.439
it's not, isn't it?

2376
01:19:30.440 --> 01:19:31.949
You know, it's it's we're going back

2377
01:19:31.950 --> 01:19:33.359
to the way textbooks used to be.

2378
01:19:33.360 --> 01:19:35.249
I mean, I grew up in Virginia.

2379
01:19:35.250 --> 01:19:36.250
I grew up

2380
01:19:37.710 --> 01:19:39.719
in the average as Virginia

2381
01:19:39.720 --> 01:19:40.739
was desegregated.

2382
01:19:40.740 --> 01:19:42.629
But I recall those textbooks.

2383
01:19:42.630 --> 01:19:44.609
My fourth grade textbook about

2384
01:19:44.610 --> 01:19:46.799
the United States and Jamestown.

2385
01:19:46.800 --> 01:19:48.749
And, you know, and and I

2386
01:19:48.750 --> 01:19:50.759
remember being told even

2387
01:19:50.760 --> 01:19:52.619
in the 10th grade

2388
01:19:52.620 --> 01:19:54.299
American history, again, that the

2389
01:19:54.300 --> 01:19:56.189
civil war was had absolutely

2390
01:19:56.190 --> 01:19:57.989
nothing to do with slavery.

2391
01:19:57.990 --> 01:20:00.119
I remember that so

2392
01:20:00.120 --> 01:20:01.349
much.

2393
01:20:01.350 --> 01:20:03.179
And the reason why I didn't believe

2394
01:20:03.180 --> 01:20:05.189
it, which is why I come

2395
01:20:05.190 --> 01:20:07.109
to my point now, is that my

2396
01:20:07.110 --> 01:20:08.939
mother had already told me

2397
01:20:08.940 --> 01:20:10.499
differently.

2398
01:20:10.500 --> 01:20:12.329
And so as parents, as

2399
01:20:12.330 --> 01:20:13.330
grandparents.

2400
01:20:14.340 --> 01:20:16.349
Not only is it our responsibility

2401
01:20:16.350 --> 01:20:18.270
to challenge

2402
01:20:19.590 --> 01:20:21.389
the textbooks through school

2403
01:20:21.390 --> 01:20:23.099
authorities that are being used for

2404
01:20:23.100 --> 01:20:24.599
our children and to write them

2405
01:20:24.600 --> 01:20:26.699
ourselves, but

2406
01:20:26.700 --> 01:20:28.619
also to teach children at

2407
01:20:28.620 --> 01:20:29.969
home in our home.

2408
01:20:29.970 --> 01:20:31.979
What is U.S.

2409
01:20:31.980 --> 01:20:32.969
history?

2410
01:20:32.970 --> 01:20:35.059
What is acceptance coming

2411
01:20:35.060 --> 01:20:37.019
out by the time children

2412
01:20:37.020 --> 01:20:39.089
are, you know, five or six years

2413
01:20:39.090 --> 01:20:40.979
old? They've been socialized to

2414
01:20:40.980 --> 01:20:43.259
recognize race,

2415
01:20:43.260 --> 01:20:45.509
to recognize racial difference

2416
01:20:45.510 --> 01:20:47.909
and to make a distinction between

2417
01:20:47.910 --> 01:20:49.919
the way people look,

2418
01:20:49.920 --> 01:20:51.749
you know, and that really

2419
01:20:51.750 --> 01:20:53.879
falls on us in large

2420
01:20:53.880 --> 01:20:55.499
measure. Of course, television

2421
01:20:55.500 --> 01:20:58.649
teaches horrible things.

2422
01:20:58.650 --> 01:21:00.809
But it really depends

2423
01:21:00.810 --> 01:21:02.639
upon us. The things that we tell our

2424
01:21:02.640 --> 01:21:04.049
children, that we teach our

2425
01:21:04.050 --> 01:21:05.050
children.

2426
01:21:06.270 --> 01:21:08.729
And so we are the first teachers.

2427
01:21:08.730 --> 01:21:10.289
And these we are the teachers who

2428
01:21:10.290 --> 01:21:13.769
hardwire in information

2429
01:21:13.770 --> 01:21:15.749
to our children

2430
01:21:15.750 --> 01:21:17.009
and to our grandchildren.

2431
01:21:17.010 --> 01:21:19.649
And we really should, you know,

2432
01:21:19.650 --> 01:21:21.539
take that very, very

2433
01:21:21.540 --> 01:21:23.429
seriously and also take very

2434
01:21:23.430 --> 01:21:25.469
seriously as parents,

2435
01:21:25.470 --> 01:21:27.869
as grandparents, as

2436
01:21:27.870 --> 01:21:29.849
humanitarians, as humans

2437
01:21:29.850 --> 01:21:31.679
within our society, that we

2438
01:21:31.680 --> 01:21:33.929
have a responsibility to support

2439
01:21:33.930 --> 01:21:34.829
education.

2440
01:21:34.830 --> 01:21:37.259
We have a responsibility to support

2441
01:21:37.260 --> 01:21:40.559
equal education and education

2442
01:21:40.560 --> 01:21:43.079
that meets a high standard

2443
01:21:43.080 --> 01:21:44.080
of

2444
01:21:45.330 --> 01:21:47.099
high academic standard.

2445
01:21:47.100 --> 01:21:48.089
That makes sense.

2446
01:21:48.090 --> 01:21:50.279
But that also has

2447
01:21:50.280 --> 01:21:52.289
an important

2448
01:21:52.290 --> 01:21:54.239
and profound moral impact on

2449
01:21:54.240 --> 01:21:55.829
our society.

2450
01:21:55.830 --> 01:21:57.209
It used to be, you know, people

2451
01:21:57.210 --> 01:21:58.079
think one thing.

2452
01:21:58.080 --> 01:21:59.399
When the public school systems were

2453
01:21:59.400 --> 01:22:01.229
established in

2454
01:22:01.230 --> 01:22:03.209
the early 90s and in the

2455
01:22:03.210 --> 01:22:06.269
late 80s, the early 19th century,

2456
01:22:06.270 --> 01:22:07.619
one of the reasons why public

2457
01:22:07.620 --> 01:22:09.749
schools were established was

2458
01:22:09.750 --> 01:22:12.969
to have an educated citizenry.

2459
01:22:12.970 --> 01:22:14.550
Okay. People who could

2460
01:22:15.900 --> 01:22:17.159
lead the nation

2461
01:22:18.450 --> 01:22:20.969
through democratically.

2462
01:22:20.970 --> 01:22:23.819
And so that was the fundamental

2463
01:22:23.820 --> 01:22:25.829
desire for public schools

2464
01:22:25.830 --> 01:22:27.659
in the north, east and south,

2465
01:22:27.660 --> 01:22:29.609
eventually after the civil war

2466
01:22:29.610 --> 01:22:31.319
and in the west.

2467
01:22:31.320 --> 01:22:33.179
And so if we think of schools

2468
01:22:33.180 --> 01:22:35.159
in that way and education

2469
01:22:35.160 --> 01:22:36.989
in that way, then there then

2470
01:22:36.990 --> 01:22:38.849
we should all be

2471
01:22:38.850 --> 01:22:40.709
educational advocates.

2472
01:22:40.710 --> 01:22:42.719
We don't have to have APHC.

2473
01:22:42.720 --> 01:22:44.459
We don't have to teach at UCLA or

2474
01:22:44.460 --> 01:22:46.349
University of Houston or

2475
01:22:46.350 --> 01:22:47.350
Cal State

2476
01:22:48.630 --> 01:22:49.829
Northridge.

2477
01:22:49.830 --> 01:22:52.499
We all can take some responsibility

2478
01:22:52.500 --> 01:22:54.449
and making certain that

2479
01:22:54.450 --> 01:22:56.219
our nation, our children, our

2480
01:22:56.220 --> 01:22:58.529
grandchildren are well educated.

2481
01:22:58.530 --> 01:23:00.509
And with that, education

2482
01:23:00.510 --> 01:23:02.819
will then come greater acceptance,

2483
01:23:02.820 --> 01:23:05.039
understanding, comprehension

2484
01:23:05.040 --> 01:23:06.719
of what it is to live in America,

2485
01:23:06.720 --> 01:23:08.459
what has been to live in America for

2486
01:23:08.460 --> 01:23:10.439
not just your group, but

2487
01:23:10.440 --> 01:23:11.879
for the groups around you that our

2488
01:23:11.880 --> 01:23:13.469
children come in contact worth and

2489
01:23:13.470 --> 01:23:15.449
that we come in contact with?

2490
01:23:15.450 --> 01:23:17.309
Well, it's a bit odd in in again,

2491
01:23:17.310 --> 01:23:19.739
having a free enterprise system

2492
01:23:19.740 --> 01:23:21.629
that there is a monopoly in

2493
01:23:21.630 --> 01:23:23.819
Texas. I mean, we're supposed to

2494
01:23:23.820 --> 01:23:24.929
be in a free enterprise system.

2495
01:23:24.930 --> 01:23:25.979
We have choice.

2496
01:23:25.980 --> 01:23:28.029
I mean, that's pretty bizarre that

2497
01:23:28.030 --> 01:23:29.579
that that that Texans have a

2498
01:23:29.580 --> 01:23:32.299
monopoly on history and truth.

2499
01:23:32.300 --> 01:23:34.559
Right. This is really Frank.

2500
01:23:34.560 --> 01:23:35.560
What a novel.

2501
01:23:37.140 --> 01:23:38.999
What qualifications would you

2502
01:23:39.000 --> 01:23:41.129
want police officers to have

2503
01:23:41.130 --> 01:23:42.130
going forward?

2504
01:23:44.270 --> 01:23:45.270
That's a good question.

2505
01:23:48.320 --> 01:23:49.609
I think I said in the book, I use

2506
01:23:49.610 --> 01:23:51.609
this line where

2507
01:23:51.610 --> 01:23:53.479
in 1965, the police officer were

2508
01:23:53.480 --> 01:23:55.369
constructing themselves as Marines

2509
01:23:55.370 --> 01:23:56.779
or an occupying force, and they

2510
01:23:56.780 --> 01:23:58.999
should have been social workers.

2511
01:23:59.000 --> 01:24:01.369
And I think that the latter model

2512
01:24:01.370 --> 01:24:03.439
is much more appropriate

2513
01:24:03.440 --> 01:24:04.879
for the modern day police

2514
01:24:04.880 --> 01:24:06.200
department. But as you know,

2515
01:24:07.850 --> 01:24:09.829
even if there

2516
01:24:09.830 --> 01:24:11.719
is an attempt to construct that kind

2517
01:24:11.720 --> 01:24:13.909
of culture, it runs up

2518
01:24:13.910 --> 01:24:16.399
smack dab against this preexisting

2519
01:24:16.400 --> 01:24:19.159
racist culture that

2520
01:24:19.160 --> 01:24:21.109
I've tried to articulate, though,

2521
01:24:21.110 --> 01:24:23.029
would suggest that the

2522
01:24:23.030 --> 01:24:24.979
social work model might be used

2523
01:24:24.980 --> 01:24:26.509
in Brentwood, but it wouldn't

2524
01:24:26.510 --> 01:24:28.999
necessarily be used in

2525
01:24:29.000 --> 01:24:30.890
South Los Angeles, for example.

2526
01:24:32.370 --> 01:24:34.669
There's another take on it

2527
01:24:34.670 --> 01:24:36.369
as well. Very good friend, man.

2528
01:24:36.370 --> 01:24:38.409
The Rhodes Scholar, Stan Sanders is

2529
01:24:38.410 --> 01:24:40.369
a product of what and

2530
01:24:40.370 --> 01:24:43.309
an attorney made this point

2531
01:24:43.310 --> 01:24:45.199
that here in Los

2532
01:24:45.200 --> 01:24:47.359
Angeles we have meter

2533
01:24:47.360 --> 01:24:48.360
maids.

2534
01:24:49.540 --> 01:24:51.519
And he put out his opinion

2535
01:24:51.520 --> 01:24:52.520
is that if.

2536
01:24:53.860 --> 01:24:55.449
Meter maids were two.

2537
01:24:56.660 --> 01:24:58.669
Be given responsibility for 70

2538
01:24:58.670 --> 01:24:59.670
percent.

2539
01:25:00.450 --> 01:25:01.450
Of the tickets.

2540
01:25:02.410 --> 01:25:04.269
And your regular PD, you know, on

2541
01:25:04.270 --> 01:25:05.270
the other.

2542
01:25:06.160 --> 01:25:08.079
We would eliminate, virtually

2543
01:25:08.080 --> 01:25:09.080
eliminate.

2544
01:25:10.390 --> 01:25:12.099
All those confrontations where

2545
01:25:12.100 --> 01:25:14.109
you've got a Sandra

2546
01:25:14.110 --> 01:25:15.110
Bland.

2547
01:25:15.650 --> 01:25:17.479
Etc., So real

2548
01:25:17.480 --> 01:25:18.480
simple.

2549
01:25:19.200 --> 01:25:21.209
Something doable, meter

2550
01:25:21.210 --> 01:25:23.640
maids to give the tickets.

2551
01:25:24.980 --> 01:25:27.359
Do you do you hear what I'm saying?

2552
01:25:27.360 --> 01:25:29.399
There are things we can do

2553
01:25:29.400 --> 01:25:31.349
now because the others long

2554
01:25:31.350 --> 01:25:33.199
range and the rest.

2555
01:25:33.200 --> 01:25:35.129
Now, I want to emphasize

2556
01:25:35.130 --> 01:25:37.079
that because I get real concern as

2557
01:25:37.080 --> 01:25:38.080
a Black man.

2558
01:25:39.210 --> 01:25:40.210
At the thought that

2559
01:25:41.490 --> 01:25:43.759
PJ, my.

2560
01:25:43.760 --> 01:25:45.619
Seven year old just turned 77

2561
01:25:45.620 --> 01:25:46.909
year old grandson

2562
01:25:47.920 --> 01:25:50.779
would, in a social studies,

2563
01:25:50.780 --> 01:25:51.780
be taught.

2564
01:25:52.580 --> 01:25:54.600
That it never was a Ku Klux Klan.

2565
01:25:56.420 --> 01:25:57.420
He.

2566
01:25:59.060 --> 01:26:00.719
I'd be real concern as a Black man,

2567
01:26:00.720 --> 01:26:03.149
because I think first of

2568
01:26:03.150 --> 01:26:04.679
the hundreds of documented

2569
01:26:04.680 --> 01:26:06.350
lynchings, etc..

2570
01:26:07.990 --> 01:26:09.939
That that's a part of American

2571
01:26:09.940 --> 01:26:11.299
history.

2572
01:26:11.300 --> 01:26:13.239
I'd be concerned

2573
01:26:13.240 --> 01:26:15.069
like the Jews would be concerned if

2574
01:26:15.070 --> 01:26:17.289
somebody was to write

2575
01:26:17.290 --> 01:26:19.319
it. There never was a Holocaust.

2576
01:26:20.670 --> 01:26:22.619
You had a similar I'm saying

2577
01:26:22.620 --> 01:26:24.599
I would have a righteous anger

2578
01:26:24.600 --> 01:26:26.099
and all of you should be involved

2579
01:26:26.100 --> 01:26:28.259
because at what point does it stop

2580
01:26:28.260 --> 01:26:29.260
the.

2581
01:26:29.890 --> 01:26:31.319
You know, we can look at World War

2582
01:26:31.320 --> 01:26:32.699
two.

2583
01:26:32.700 --> 01:26:34.699
The lives laws, because

2584
01:26:34.700 --> 01:26:37.219
this little five foot two fellow,

2585
01:26:37.220 --> 01:26:39.109
a.k.a. the Führer,

2586
01:26:39.110 --> 01:26:40.189
thought that there was a thing

2587
01:26:40.190 --> 01:26:41.660
called a master race.

2588
01:26:42.950 --> 01:26:45.049
You know, we hear white supremacists

2589
01:26:45.050 --> 01:26:45.919
this.

2590
01:26:45.920 --> 01:26:47.659
Where does it stop?

2591
01:26:47.660 --> 01:26:48.589
Stop.

2592
01:26:48.590 --> 01:26:50.389
You know, if you will, there are

2593
01:26:50.390 --> 01:26:52.669
things out there that we can get

2594
01:26:52.670 --> 01:26:54.859
involved with. But let me just say

2595
01:26:54.860 --> 01:26:56.479
that same time, you know, and I'm

2596
01:26:56.480 --> 01:26:58.909
just really encouraged as I look up

2597
01:26:58.910 --> 01:27:01.039
and look out to see this kind of

2598
01:27:01.040 --> 01:27:02.639
turnout on Sunday afternoon.

2599
01:27:02.640 --> 01:27:04.979
This just kind of says to me

2600
01:27:04.980 --> 01:27:06.929
more and imagine that there

2601
01:27:06.930 --> 01:27:09.199
are people that are concerned and

2602
01:27:09.200 --> 01:27:10.109
hopefully will bring in.

2603
01:27:10.110 --> 01:27:11.110
So.

2604
01:27:11.540 --> 01:27:13.409
I just wanted to add that

2605
01:27:13.410 --> 01:27:15.199
there's a lot of pressure has to be

2606
01:27:15.200 --> 01:27:17.479
come to bear on police departments

2607
01:27:17.480 --> 01:27:19.609
and in preparing

2608
01:27:19.610 --> 01:27:21.559
police to be

2609
01:27:21.560 --> 01:27:23.089
on the street and interacting with

2610
01:27:23.090 --> 01:27:25.129
people of all different kinds.

2611
01:27:25.130 --> 01:27:26.689
But also a lot of pressure to be

2612
01:27:26.690 --> 01:27:29.179
bear on judges,

2613
01:27:29.180 --> 01:27:33.019
on juries, on prosecutors.

2614
01:27:33.020 --> 01:27:34.969
The entire system really

2615
01:27:34.970 --> 01:27:37.009
has to be challenged because

2616
01:27:37.010 --> 01:27:39.049
the police only behave

2617
01:27:39.050 --> 01:27:41.539
as they are allowed to behave.

2618
01:27:41.540 --> 01:27:42.349
OK.

2619
01:27:42.350 --> 01:27:44.709
So, you know, when people

2620
01:27:44.710 --> 01:27:46.579
when policemen are, you know, in the

2621
01:27:46.580 --> 01:27:48.889
chokehold incident, for example,

2622
01:27:48.890 --> 01:27:51.439
of Eric Garner in Staten Island,

2623
01:27:51.440 --> 01:27:53.689
you know, when you decide

2624
01:27:53.690 --> 01:27:55.819
when when the grand juries

2625
01:27:55.820 --> 01:27:57.829
decide for Michael Brown, for

2626
01:27:57.830 --> 01:27:59.869
example, when the

2627
01:27:59.870 --> 01:28:01.669
prosecutors decide not to move

2628
01:28:01.670 --> 01:28:03.859
forward, when the investigators

2629
01:28:03.860 --> 01:28:05.389
decide, oh, this isn't really a

2630
01:28:05.390 --> 01:28:06.390
case,

2631
01:28:08.000 --> 01:28:10.399
then this is then police

2632
01:28:10.400 --> 01:28:12.529
have a carte blanche

2633
01:28:12.530 --> 01:28:14.419
to do whatever they want to

2634
01:28:14.420 --> 01:28:15.420
do.

2635
01:28:16.070 --> 01:28:18.079
These kinds of incidents will only

2636
01:28:18.080 --> 01:28:20.509
happen when the police are policed

2637
01:28:20.510 --> 01:28:22.579
by the other parts of the criminal

2638
01:28:22.580 --> 01:28:24.439
justice system, not

2639
01:28:24.440 --> 01:28:26.239
just society.

2640
01:28:26.240 --> 01:28:28.129
Of course, we are very important

2641
01:28:28.130 --> 01:28:30.139
in making those determinations,

2642
01:28:30.140 --> 01:28:31.939
but we have to look at every part of

2643
01:28:31.940 --> 01:28:33.859
our criminal justice system and

2644
01:28:33.860 --> 01:28:35.629
the treatment of people of Color and

2645
01:28:35.630 --> 01:28:38.569
poor people and disabled people

2646
01:28:38.570 --> 01:28:40.759
and LGBT and every group

2647
01:28:40.760 --> 01:28:42.799
that's been marginalized within

2648
01:28:42.800 --> 01:28:46.249
our society and disproportionately

2649
01:28:46.250 --> 01:28:48.379
either seen

2650
01:28:48.380 --> 01:28:50.239
as perpetrators, are seen

2651
01:28:50.240 --> 01:28:52.579
as being criminals, is criminalized

2652
01:28:52.580 --> 01:28:54.739
and not being seen as victims.

2653
01:28:54.740 --> 01:28:56.659
We have to hold every group

2654
01:28:56.660 --> 01:28:57.660
accountable.

2655
01:29:01.160 --> 01:29:02.779
Here's a question.

2656
01:29:02.780 --> 01:29:04.999
Poor and lower class whites

2657
01:29:05.000 --> 01:29:07.039
are controlled by ideology,

2658
01:29:07.040 --> 01:29:08.539
the right wing media, their

2659
01:29:08.540 --> 01:29:09.799
churches.

2660
01:29:09.800 --> 01:29:11.719
Michelle Alexander says we need

2661
01:29:11.720 --> 01:29:13.609
to bring whites and Blacks

2662
01:29:13.610 --> 01:29:15.559
together to end the new

2663
01:29:15.560 --> 01:29:16.819
Jim Crow.

2664
01:29:16.820 --> 01:29:18.769
How do we get these propaganda

2665
01:29:18.770 --> 01:29:21.439
whites on board with

2666
01:29:21.440 --> 01:29:23.539
the vote to vote and

2667
01:29:23.540 --> 01:29:25.759
act who vote and act against

2668
01:29:25.760 --> 01:29:28.189
their own self interests?

2669
01:29:29.210 --> 01:29:30.109
I mean, that's true.

2670
01:29:30.110 --> 01:29:31.129
The matter is that there are more

2671
01:29:31.130 --> 01:29:32.719
poor white people in this country

2672
01:29:32.720 --> 01:29:34.199
than poor Black people considering

2673
01:29:34.200 --> 01:29:35.200
more than.

2674
01:29:36.310 --> 01:29:38.259
So anyway, that is clearly

2675
01:29:38.260 --> 01:29:39.620
a loaded question.

2676
01:29:39.621 --> 01:29:41.369
Thats a 64 dollar question,.

2677
01:29:41.370 --> 01:29:42.809
Go for it.

2678
01:29:42.810 --> 01:29:42.869
I.

2679
01:29:42.870 --> 01:29:44.489
Mean, if I had the answer to that,

2680
01:29:44.490 --> 01:29:45.809
I'm not sure if I'd be sitting here.

2681
01:29:45.810 --> 01:29:47.759
I mean, I'd probably be out trying

2682
01:29:47.760 --> 01:29:48.899
to build a coalition.

2683
01:29:50.670 --> 01:29:52.559
The only thing I can say

2684
01:29:52.560 --> 01:29:54.509
on an upbeat note as we

2685
01:29:54.510 --> 01:29:56.699
wind down is that

2686
01:29:56.700 --> 01:29:57.929
what you've been trying to do in Los

2687
01:29:57.930 --> 01:29:59.459
Angeles, particularly L.A.

2688
01:29:59.460 --> 01:30:00.689
County Federation of Labor

2689
01:30:01.890 --> 01:30:04.079
is a model that could be emulated

2690
01:30:04.080 --> 01:30:05.489
nationally. That is to say, to try

2691
01:30:05.490 --> 01:30:07.139
to bring people together on the

2692
01:30:07.140 --> 01:30:09.239
bases, being working

2693
01:30:09.240 --> 01:30:11.909
class and to raise wages

2694
01:30:11.910 --> 01:30:13.619
minimally to fifteen dollars an hour

2695
01:30:13.620 --> 01:30:15.689
to improve working conditions.

2696
01:30:15.690 --> 01:30:17.729
And then, of course, the next

2697
01:30:17.730 --> 01:30:18.659
step, which I'm not sure is

2698
01:30:18.660 --> 01:30:19.799
happening, but obviously needs to

2699
01:30:19.800 --> 01:30:21.339
happen with regard to the group that

2700
01:30:21.340 --> 01:30:22.769
the questioner mentioned.

2701
01:30:22.770 --> 01:30:23.770
There needs to be some sort of ideological

2702
01:30:24.660 --> 01:30:26.309
affirmative action.

2703
01:30:26.310 --> 01:30:28.139
That is to say that just as in the

2704
01:30:28.140 --> 01:30:30.120
1960s, you had people going into

2705
01:30:31.140 --> 01:30:32.639
rural Mississippi, rural Black

2706
01:30:32.640 --> 01:30:33.959
Mississippi, trying to educate

2707
01:30:33.960 --> 01:30:35.399
people about the right to vote.

2708
01:30:35.400 --> 01:30:37.739
Somebody needs to organize

2709
01:30:37.740 --> 01:30:40.229
youth to go in to

2710
01:30:40.230 --> 01:30:42.359
eastern Kentucky and into western

2711
01:30:42.360 --> 01:30:44.279
Virginia, dying coal mine

2712
01:30:44.280 --> 01:30:46.139
towns and go door to door

2713
01:30:46.140 --> 01:30:48.239
and try to educate people

2714
01:30:48.240 --> 01:30:50.369
and not taking it for granted,

2715
01:30:50.370 --> 01:30:52.679
which oftentimes happens that

2716
01:30:52.680 --> 01:30:54.929
this is going to exist

2717
01:30:54.930 --> 01:30:56.909
forever more. Because if that's

2718
01:30:56.910 --> 01:30:58.499
the case, as I said, I'll see you at

2719
01:30:58.500 --> 01:30:59.909
the Rosebowl sooner rather than

2720
01:30:59.910 --> 01:31:00.719
later. Enough where?

2721
01:31:00.720 --> 01:31:01.720
Football game.

2722
01:31:04.140 --> 01:31:06.169
OK, here's a may

2723
01:31:06.170 --> 01:31:08.179
have to be the last question, but

2724
01:31:08.180 --> 01:31:10.069
how effective is social media

2725
01:31:10.070 --> 01:31:12.109
in the race conversation?

2726
01:31:12.110 --> 01:31:14.299
Think hashtag.

2727
01:31:14.300 --> 01:31:15.460
See, I'm early with it now.

2728
01:31:17.660 --> 01:31:19.489
Hashtag Black Lives

2729
01:31:19.490 --> 01:31:21.469
Matter to

2730
01:31:21.470 --> 01:31:22.699
the ignorant response.

2731
01:31:22.700 --> 01:31:23.509
Hashtag.

2732
01:31:23.510 --> 01:31:24.510
All lives matter.

2733
01:31:28.000 --> 01:31:29.159
I didn't say.

2734
01:31:29.160 --> 01:31:29.163
im just repeating it.

2735
01:31:29.164 --> 01:31:30.164
As

2736
01:31:35.910 --> 01:31:37.969
our response to that,

2737
01:31:37.970 --> 01:31:39.909
I really like

2738
01:31:39.910 --> 01:31:41.799
nobody would disagree with the fact

2739
01:31:41.800 --> 01:31:43.210
that all lives matter.

2740
01:31:44.720 --> 01:31:46.819
But right now, the focus and concern

2741
01:31:46.820 --> 01:31:49.609
is on Black Lives Matter.

2742
01:31:49.610 --> 01:31:51.559
And and we really need

2743
01:31:51.560 --> 01:31:53.389
to look at that when we say

2744
01:31:53.390 --> 01:31:54.589
Black Lives Matter.

2745
01:31:54.590 --> 01:31:56.569
That's that's not a racist

2746
01:31:56.570 --> 01:31:57.979
statement is the fact that

2747
01:31:59.390 --> 01:32:00.799
we should be concerned.

2748
01:32:00.800 --> 01:32:01.850
I like the fact that

2749
01:32:02.880 --> 01:32:04.369
a name was mentioned that hadn't

2750
01:32:04.370 --> 01:32:05.569
heard in a long time.

2751
01:32:05.570 --> 01:32:06.829
Latasha Harlins,

2752
01:32:10.010 --> 01:32:11.449
you know, we forget too quickly

2753
01:32:12.800 --> 01:32:13.800
Sandra Bland

2754
01:32:15.070 --> 01:32:17.119
and Anna and

2755
01:32:17.120 --> 01:32:19.099
I look at those women I say

2756
01:32:19.100 --> 01:32:20.929
was the National

2757
01:32:20.930 --> 01:32:22.789
Organization of Women.

2758
01:32:22.790 --> 01:32:24.649
Where is their voice in terms of

2759
01:32:24.650 --> 01:32:26.539
speaking out on Sandra

2760
01:32:26.540 --> 01:32:27.540
Bland?

2761
01:32:29.270 --> 01:32:30.229
All lives matter.

2762
01:32:30.230 --> 01:32:32.239
But right now, we're gathered

2763
01:32:32.240 --> 01:32:33.240
here because

2764
01:32:34.640 --> 01:32:36.499
you've got Black women being

2765
01:32:36.500 --> 01:32:37.500
stopped for

2766
01:32:38.360 --> 01:32:40.310
the most spurious of reasons and

2767
01:32:41.510 --> 01:32:42.510
then given

2768
01:32:43.400 --> 01:32:45.319
had a thousand dollars bail on

2769
01:32:46.540 --> 01:32:47.869
a charge we're still trying to

2770
01:32:47.870 --> 01:32:48.870
figure out and

2771
01:32:50.810 --> 01:32:51.810
being found,

2772
01:32:53.080 --> 01:32:54.510
you know, deceased.

2773
01:32:57.211 --> 01:32:58.211
That should bother people?

2774
01:32:59.520 --> 01:33:00.520
We've got a.

2775
01:33:01.890 --> 01:33:02.890
Girls

2776
01:33:03.960 --> 01:33:05.759
being rousted and beat up at pool

2777
01:33:05.760 --> 01:33:06.760
parties.

2778
01:33:07.620 --> 01:33:09.449
That's gone viral on the

2779
01:33:09.450 --> 01:33:10.450
Internet.

2780
01:33:10.980 --> 01:33:12.279
We've got a

2781
01:33:13.890 --> 01:33:16.589
we've got parents now having to

2782
01:33:16.590 --> 01:33:18.479
talk to their kids, not

2783
01:33:18.480 --> 01:33:20.609
just the boys,

2784
01:33:20.610 --> 01:33:22.889
but the girls about

2785
01:33:22.890 --> 01:33:25.409
how to comport yourself when you're

2786
01:33:25.410 --> 01:33:27.300
stopped by the police.

2787
01:33:29.420 --> 01:33:31.439
Bend a little bit more.

2788
01:33:33.270 --> 01:33:34.619
Be careful, baby.

2789
01:33:36.030 --> 01:33:37.859
I know you didn't do

2790
01:33:37.860 --> 01:33:39.210
anything wrong, but I just

2791
01:33:40.260 --> 01:33:42.209
I got enough to worry about would

2792
01:33:42.210 --> 01:33:44.519
have without having to worry about

2793
01:33:44.520 --> 01:33:45.449
whether or not you're going to get

2794
01:33:45.450 --> 01:33:47.459
home tonight and that

2795
01:33:47.460 --> 01:33:48.269
you're going to be OK.

2796
01:33:48.270 --> 01:33:50.189
Cause if you get stopped

2797
01:33:50.190 --> 01:33:51.379
by the police, what are we?

2798
01:33:51.380 --> 01:33:52.739
We ain't got no money here in the

2799
01:33:52.740 --> 01:33:53.740
house.

2800
01:33:57.350 --> 01:33:58.669
That's the other penalty that's

2801
01:33:58.670 --> 01:34:00.619
being paid in terms

2802
01:34:00.620 --> 01:34:01.999
of poverty.

2803
01:34:02.000 --> 01:34:04.639
You know, it goes hand-in-hand

2804
01:34:04.640 --> 01:34:05.640
with racism.

2805
01:34:06.700 --> 01:34:07.989
Some of these things are now going

2806
01:34:07.990 --> 01:34:09.099
to be cured overnight.

2807
01:34:09.100 --> 01:34:10.479
There's no magic bullet.

2808
01:34:11.810 --> 01:34:13.629
That's why, as in, I

2809
01:34:13.630 --> 01:34:15.010
don't bite my tongue about it.

2810
01:34:16.150 --> 01:34:17.770
We need help. We need all of you.

2811
01:34:18.850 --> 01:34:20.979
You can work in all kinds

2812
01:34:20.980 --> 01:34:23.039
of ways and faces.

2813
01:34:23.040 --> 01:34:24.979
If you solve this,

2814
01:34:24.980 --> 01:34:26.049
you're going gonna come out of here,

2815
01:34:26.050 --> 01:34:27.399
too.

2816
01:34:27.400 --> 01:34:28.400
That's the steak.

2817
01:34:30.860 --> 01:34:31.960
Brenda, your last word on it?

2818
01:34:33.030 --> 01:34:34.979
Well, I think that Black Lives

2819
01:34:34.980 --> 01:34:37.199
Matter is a really

2820
01:34:37.200 --> 01:34:38.909
important movement.

2821
01:34:38.910 --> 01:34:40.889
And I'm very encouraged by it

2822
01:34:40.890 --> 01:34:42.779
because so many young people

2823
01:34:42.780 --> 01:34:43.780
across

2824
01:34:44.790 --> 01:34:46.649
races, across classes,

2825
01:34:46.650 --> 01:34:48.719
across local, urban and

2826
01:34:48.720 --> 01:34:50.849
rural as well have been involved

2827
01:34:50.850 --> 01:34:52.769
in it. I think that people

2828
01:34:52.770 --> 01:34:55.259
misunderstand what it means.

2829
01:34:55.260 --> 01:34:57.179
What it means is that Black people

2830
01:34:57.180 --> 01:34:59.459
are equal to other people.

2831
01:34:59.460 --> 01:35:01.019
It doesn't mean that only Black

2832
01:35:01.020 --> 01:35:03.149
people matter or that Black people

2833
01:35:03.150 --> 01:35:05.639
are different or exceptional.

2834
01:35:05.640 --> 01:35:07.589
And so I think that when people say

2835
01:35:07.590 --> 01:35:08.729
all lives matter.

2836
01:35:08.730 --> 01:35:09.629
That's right.

2837
01:35:09.630 --> 01:35:11.429
All lives do matter.

2838
01:35:11.430 --> 01:35:13.289
And Black people are equal to other

2839
01:35:13.290 --> 01:35:14.879
people. And therefore, Black lives

2840
01:35:14.880 --> 01:35:15.659
matter.

2841
01:35:15.660 --> 01:35:17.489
So I think that

2842
01:35:17.490 --> 01:35:20.009
that speaks to this

2843
01:35:20.010 --> 01:35:21.769
problem that we have in our society,

2844
01:35:21.770 --> 01:35:23.609
that we focus on one group

2845
01:35:23.610 --> 01:35:25.679
of Color than we than we've led

2846
01:35:25.680 --> 01:35:27.089
down the other groups of Color.

2847
01:35:27.090 --> 01:35:29.429
We've let down other people

2848
01:35:29.430 --> 01:35:31.199
who have other social variables that

2849
01:35:31.200 --> 01:35:32.489
define them in a way that's

2850
01:35:32.490 --> 01:35:34.649
marginalized them.

2851
01:35:34.650 --> 01:35:36.689
And that we have to put aside

2852
01:35:36.690 --> 01:35:38.189
these kinds of.

2853
01:35:40.610 --> 01:35:43.039
Small differences,

2854
01:35:43.040 --> 01:35:45.409
I would say, and understand

2855
01:35:45.410 --> 01:35:47.419
that when one group arrives

2856
01:35:47.420 --> 01:35:49.519
and says Black Lives Matter,

2857
01:35:49.520 --> 01:35:51.439
that, you know, ultimately

2858
01:35:51.440 --> 01:35:52.939
what that means is that all lives

2859
01:35:52.940 --> 01:35:55.189
matter less focus on

2860
01:35:55.190 --> 01:35:56.599
this particular group at this

2861
01:35:56.600 --> 01:35:57.949
moment, but not forget the other

2862
01:35:57.950 --> 01:35:59.179
groups as well.

2863
01:35:59.180 --> 01:36:01.039
It makes us more of

2864
01:36:01.040 --> 01:36:03.229
one group. It doesn't separate

2865
01:36:03.230 --> 01:36:04.550
us out from other people.

2866
01:36:06.610 --> 01:36:08.569
Well, I think the guard

2867
01:36:08.570 --> 01:36:09.519
in the U.K.

2868
01:36:09.520 --> 01:36:11.849
put it most distinctly when

2869
01:36:11.850 --> 01:36:13.479
it said that those people who are

2870
01:36:13.480 --> 01:36:15.459
raising up the slogan Save

2871
01:36:15.460 --> 01:36:17.229
the rainforest, one of the save all

2872
01:36:17.230 --> 01:36:19.239
the force, I mean, for example,

2873
01:36:19.240 --> 01:36:20.679
even the forest that you're growing

2874
01:36:20.680 --> 01:36:22.539
to harvest to make paper, you know,

2875
01:36:22.540 --> 01:36:24.399
save those far as to what are you,

2876
01:36:24.400 --> 01:36:26.259
sectarian ultra leftists, you

2877
01:36:26.260 --> 01:36:27.549
know of it.

2878
01:36:27.550 --> 01:36:30.249
But I think the Black Lives Matter.

2879
01:36:30.250 --> 01:36:31.749
It really ties into one of the

2880
01:36:31.750 --> 01:36:32.769
themes I've been trying to put

2881
01:36:32.770 --> 01:36:34.689
forward to you this afternoon, which

2882
01:36:34.690 --> 01:36:36.879
is that if you recognize

2883
01:36:36.880 --> 01:36:38.679
on the basis of which the country

2884
01:36:38.680 --> 01:36:41.529
was founded, which

2885
01:36:41.530 --> 01:36:43.629
excluded those

2886
01:36:43.630 --> 01:36:44.630
not Ushered

2887
01:36:45.490 --> 01:36:46.629
into the hallowed halls of

2888
01:36:46.630 --> 01:36:48.549
whiteners, particularly the

2889
01:36:48.550 --> 01:36:50.559
enslaved population, who had a

2890
01:36:50.560 --> 01:36:53.139
very unique relationship

2891
01:36:53.140 --> 01:36:54.189
to the society.

2892
01:36:54.190 --> 01:36:55.689
Well, then you'll understand

2893
01:36:55.690 --> 01:36:57.429
intuitively the idea.

2894
01:36:57.430 --> 01:36:58.449
Black lives matter.

2895
01:36:58.450 --> 01:37:00.339
And the fact that that's question

2896
01:37:00.340 --> 01:37:02.229
obviously bespeaks what you were

2897
01:37:02.230 --> 01:37:04.329
just saying about the mal

2898
01:37:04.330 --> 01:37:06.969
education, the lack of education.

2899
01:37:06.970 --> 01:37:08.229
And it shows that we have a lot of

2900
01:37:08.230 --> 01:37:09.230
work to do.

2901
01:37:10.000 --> 01:37:11.919
Well, both Brenda

2902
01:37:11.920 --> 01:37:13.599
and Gerald books available up and

2903
01:37:13.600 --> 01:37:15.279
upstairs as a bookstore if you want

2904
01:37:15.280 --> 01:37:16.869
to get their books, which I highly

2905
01:37:16.870 --> 01:37:17.979
recommend.

2906
01:37:17.980 --> 01:37:19.539
And I think all of our guests here

2907
01:37:19.540 --> 01:37:20.799
today for joining us.

2908
01:37:20.800 --> 01:37:22.359
It's been a wonderful conversation.

2909
01:37:22.360 --> 01:37:24.039
And thank you all.